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. 2019 Jul 31;8(8):300.
doi: 10.3390/foods8080300.

Development of a Circular Oriented Bioprocess for Microbial Oil Production Using Diversified Mixed Confectionery Side-Streams

Sofia Tsakona  1 , Aikaterini Papadaki  2   3 , Nikolaos Kopsahelis  4 , Vasiliki Kachrimanidou  5 , Seraphim Papanikolaou  1 , Apostolis Koutinas  6
Affiliations

Development of a Circular Oriented Bioprocess for Microbial Oil Production Using Diversified Mixed Confectionery Side-Streams

Sofia Tsakona et al. Foods. .

Abstract

Diversified mixed confectionery waste streams were utilized in a two-stage bioprocess to formulate a nutrient-rich fermentation media for microbial oil production. Solid-state fermentation was conducted for the production of crude enzyme consortia to be subsequently applied in hydrolytic reactions to break down starch, disaccharides, and proteins into monosaccharides, amino acids, and peptides. Crude hydrolysates were evaluated in bioconversion processes using the red yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides DSM 4444 both in batch and fed-batch mode. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, during fed-batch cultures, the concentration of microbial lipids reached 16.6-17 g·L-1 with the intracellular content being more than 40% (w/w) in both hydrolysates applied. R. toruloides was able to metabolize mixed carbon sources without catabolite repression. The fatty acid profile of the produced lipids was altered based on the substrate employed in the bioconversion process. Microbial lipids were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, with oleic acid being the major fatty acid (61.7%, w/w). This study showed that mixed food side-streams could be valorized for the production of microbial oil with high unsaturation degree, pointing towards the potential to produce tailor-made lipids for specific food applications. Likewise, the proposed process conforms unequivocally to the principles of the circular economy, as the entire quantity of confectionery by-products are implemented to generate added-value compounds that will find applications in the same original industry, thus closing the loop.

Keywords: Rhodosporidium toruloides; bioprocess development; circular economy; food-processing; microbial oil; oleic acid.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Concentration of sugars (●), free amino nitrogen (FAN) (■) and production of total dry weight (TDW) (□) and microbial lipids (○), during shake flask cultures of R. toruloides on (a) mixed food for infant (MFI) hydrolysates, (b) mixed confectionery waste streams (MCWS) hydrolysates, and (c) mixed waste streams (MWS) hydrolysates.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) Concentration of glucose (○), fructose (□), galactose (◊), free amino nitrogen (FAN) (●) and (b) production of total dry weight (TDW) (□), microbial lipids (○), intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) (◊) during fed-batch bioreactor fermentations of R. toruloides on mixed food for infants (MFI) hydrolysates.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) Concentration of glucose (○), fructose (□), galactose (◊), free amino nitrogen (FAN) (●) and (b) production of total dry weight (TDW) (□), microbial lipids (○), intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) (◊) during fed-batch bioreactor fermentations of R. toruloides on mixed confectionery waste streams (MCWS) hydrolysates.
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