Table of Contents

January 2013; 5 (1)

CONCEPT

Developmental Biology

  • Development of the Endochondral Skeleton

    • Fanxin Long and
    • David M. Ornitz
    Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol January 2013;5:a008334 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a008334

    Endochondral ossification produces bone via a cartilage intermediate. Key extracellular signals (e.g., bone morphogenetic proteins), their receptors, and transcription factors (e.g., SOX9) are essential for this process.

PERSPECTIVES

Molecular Biology

  • Endoreplication

    • Norman Zielke,
    • Bruce A. Edgar,
    • and Melvin L. DePamphilis
    Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol January 2013;5:a012948 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a012948

    A single polyploid nucleus is produced when a cell undergoes multiple S phases without entering mitosis. This process of endoreplication is similar in mammals, insects, and plants, although there are species-specific differences.

  • DNA Repair by Reversal of DNA Damage

    • Chengqi Yi and
    • Chuan He
    Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol January 2013;5:a012575 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a012575

    Simple direct repair mechanisms can fix DNA damage without breaking the DNA backbone. These essentially error-free processes include photolyase-, alkyltransferase-, and dioxygenase-mediated mechanisms.

  • Toward a Genome-Wide Landscape of Translational Control

    • Ola Larsson,
    • Bin Tian,
    • and Nahum Sonenberg
    Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol January 2013;5:a012302 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a012302

    High-throughput technologies and bioinformatics tools have revealed how translational control mechanisms substantially affect gene expression and protein levels on a global scale.

Cell Biology

  • Cell Biology of the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Golgi Apparatus through Proteomics

    • Jeffrey Smirle,
    • Catherine E. Au,
    • Michael Jain,
    • Kurt Dejgaard,
    • Tommy Nilsson,
    • and John Bergeron
    Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol January 2013;5:a015073 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a015073

    The Golgi and ER are temporally and spatially linked. Mass spectrometry and hierarchical clustering algorithms offer new insights into the localization and function of their proteins.

  • The Endolysosomal System in Cell Death and Survival

    • Urška Repnik,
    • Maruša Hafner Česen,
    • and Boris Turk
    Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol January 2013;5:a008755 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a008755

    If lysosomal membranes are disturbed, the hydrolases released into the cytosol can initiate apoptosis. Harnessing or interfering with the lysosomal apoptotic pathway may have therapeutic potential (e.g., in cancer).

  • Where Killers Meet—Permeabilization of the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane during Apoptosis

    • Tom Bender and
    • Jean-Claude Martinou
    Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol January 2013;5:a011106 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a011106

    During apoptosis, mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) causes the activation of proapoptotic effectors (Bax and Bak). It is controlled by Bcl-2 family members and possibly mitochondrial factors.

Cell Signaling

  • The β-Catenin Destruction Complex

    • Jennifer L. Stamos and
    • William I. Weis
    Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol January 2013;5:a007898 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a007898

    β-Catenin is degraded in the absence of a Wnt stimulus. Although the functions of the core components of the multiprotein β-catenin destruction complex are generally known, the role of APC is unclear.

  • Clearing the Dead: Apoptotic Cell Sensing, Recognition, Engulfment, and Digestion

    • Amelia Hochreiter-Hufford and
    • Kodi S. Ravichandran
    Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol January 2013;5:a008748 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a008748

    Phagocytes recognize dead cells through “find me” (e.g., fractalkine) and “eat me” (e.g., phosphatidylserine) signals. Signaling events within phagocytes then control the internalization and digestion of the dead cells.

Developmental Biology

  • Wnt Signaling in Vertebrate Axis Specification

    • Hiroki Hikasa and
    • Sergei Y. Sokol
    Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol January 2013;5:a007955 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a007955

    Wnt signaling plays a dual role in vertebrate axis specification. It helps specify the dorsoventral axis soon after egg fertilization and the anteroposterior axis later in embryogenesis.

Molecular Pathology

  • Altered Sulfide (H2S) Metabolism in Ethylmalonic Encephalopathy

    • Valeria Tiranti and
    • Massimo Zeviani
    Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol January 2013;5:a011437 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a011437

    In ethylmalonic encephalopathy, sulfide intermediates are not degraded properly. Sulfides build up and inhibit cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron-transport chain.

Virology

  • Replication of Epstein–Barr Viral DNA

    • Wolfgang Hammerschmidt and
    • Bill Sugden
    Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol January 2013;5:a013029 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a013029

    Epstein–Barr virus has infected more than 6.5 billion people in the world. It has distinct modes of replication.

  • Tinkering with Translation: Protein Synthesis in Virus-Infected Cells

    • Derek Walsh,
    • Michael B. Mathews,
    • and Ian Mohr
    Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol January 2013;5:a012351 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a012351

    Viruses commandeer and control translation in the host cell. Mechanisms range from manipulating key translation factors to using cis-acting elements that recruit ribosomes or modify genome-coding capacity.

  • How Viruses Use the Endoplasmic Reticulum for Entry, Replication, and Assembly

    • Takamasa Inoue and
    • Billy Tsai
    Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol January 2013;5:a013250 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a013250

    An ideal conduit for certain viruses to enter the cytosol is the ER-to-cytosol retro-translocation machinery in the ER. Furthermore, budding at the ER membrane plays a role during viral replication and assembly.

PRIMER

Cell Signaling

  • Toll-Like Receptor Signaling

    • Kian-Huat Lim and
    • Louis M. Staudt
    Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol January 2013;5:a011247 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a011247

    Toll-like receptors sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (e.g., lipopolysaccharides) and trigger gene-expression changes that ultimately eradicate the invading microbes.

 

From Perspectives in Medicine

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This Issue

January 2013; 5 (1)
Cover
  1. CONCEPT
    1. Developmental Biology
  3. PERSPECTIVES
    1. Molecular Biology
    2. Cell Biology
    3. Cell Signaling
    4. Developmental Biology
    5. Molecular Pathology
    6. Virology
  5. PRIMER
    1. Cell Signaling

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