Abstract
Introduction
The 2030 health agenda for the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals promote exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first 6 months of life as a central step towards ensuring the survival of infants. As Jamaica attempts to achieve this goal, monitoring the rates of EBF is desirable. Currently, EBF rate is measured by questionnaires which are subject to recall and social desirability biases. We determined the rate of EBF using the Deuterium-oxide dose-to-mother (DTM) method and 24-h recall. The concordance of both methods and urban–rural differences of EBF were evaluated. Additionally, the growth of infants who were exclusively breastfed was compared to the infants who were mixed-fed.
Methods
Sixty-one healthy mother–child pairs were followed from birth. EBF was measured at 6 weeks. Growth was determined using standard anthropometric measurements. Differences in means were assessed by independent t-test or ANOVA. The agreement between the DTM and 24-h recall method was assessed with the kappa statistic. Differences in anthropometry and location were determined using a repeated measure model approach.
Results
Thirty (49%) women exclusively breastfed their infants with mean breast milk intake of 1024.3 ± 256.9 g/day. There was moderate agreement between the methods (Agreement 69%, kappa 0.37, p = 0.002). Rural women (65%) were more likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding. There was no significant difference between the growth of the exclusively breastfed infant and mixed-fed infants.
Conclusion
EBF rate was successfully measured using the DTM method. Women from urban settings are less likely to practice EBF. Further research may be needed to gain an in-depth understanding of the factors affecting breastfeeding practices in urban Jamaica.
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Data Availability
The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.
Code Availability
Not applicable.
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge the Office of Graduate Studies and Research, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus and the International Energy Atomic Agency (IAEA) for providing funding and administrative support for the study. The authors would also like to thank the participants of this study and the research and laboratory staff at the Tropical Metabolism Research Unit, University of the West Indies, who assisted with data and sample collection, and sample analyses.
Funding
This study was joint funded by the Office of Graduate Studies and Research, University of the West Indies (UWI), Mona Campus, Kingston, Jamaica and the International Energy Atomic Agency (IAEA). Cash funding was donated by the Office of Graduate Studies and training and study materials were provided by the IAEA.
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Whyte, S., McLean-Smith, J. & Reid, M. Concordance of the Deuterium Dose to Mother Method and 24-Hour Recall to Measure Exclusive Breastfeeding at 6 Weeks Postnatally in Rural/Urban Setting in Jamaica. Matern Child Health J 26, 2126–2136 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-022-03465-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-022-03465-8