Lesser Poland dialect group
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Lesser Poland dialect group | |
---|---|
dialekt małopolski | |
Native to | Poland |
Region | Lesser Poland Voivodeship Subcarpathian Voivodeship Holy Cross Voivodeship Lublin Voivodeship Łódź Voivodeship Silesian Voivodeship Masovian Voivodeship |
Latin (Polish alphabet) | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | None |
Map of the dialects of Polish, including the Lesser Poland dialect marked in yellow. |
The Lesser Polish dialect group (Polish: dialekt małopolski) is a of dialect group of the Polish language used in Lesser Poland. The exact area is difficult to delineate due to the expansion of its features and the existence of transitional subdialects.[1]
The common traits of the Lesser Polish dialect include:
- mazurzenie[2]
- regressive voicing of obstruents, including across word boundaries; e.g.: kot leci [kɔd ˈlɛt͡ɕi] (standard Polish: [kɔt ˈlɛt͡ɕi])[2]
- differentiated nasalisation (or lack thereof) of /ɔ̃/ and /ɛ̃/ in different parts of the area[2]
- merger of stop+fricative consonant clusters into affricates; e.g.: trzysta [ˈt͡ʂɨsta] (standard Polish: [ˈtʂɨsta] or [ˈt͡ʂʂɨsta])[2]
- frequent usage of initial syllable stress, also oxytonic stress in vocative case (as opposed to paroxytonic stress common in other varieties of Polish)[2]
- frequent usage of grammatical particle "że" in imperative mood ("weźże" vs. "weź" – take)[citation needed]
List of dialects
[edit]Descended from the language of the Vistulans, is the most numerous dialectal group in modern Poland.[3] the dialects are:[4]
The Goral ethnolect (the name for the many dialects spoken by Gorals in the Western Carpathians bordering Poland and Slovakia), which include:
- Sącz dialect (which is divided into Goral Sącz and Lach Sącz)
- Żywiec dialect
- Orawa dialect
- Podhale dialect
- Spisz dialect
- Biecz dialect
Features of the region
[edit]Features that can be found in various intensities and distributions in the region include:[5]
- *telt > tlet
- * tórt’ > trot
- *ľ̥ > l̥ except *Pľ̥T́PK (after labials, before palatals/labials, and velars)
- *Pľ̥T́PK > PilT́PK: wilk, milczeć or > łu after dentals: słup, długi, or oł after cz, ż, sz: mołwa, czółno, żółty, or eł after labials: chełm, chełpić się, wełna, pełny
- *ŕ̥T > ‘ar: twardy, tarł, ziarno
- voicing of coda stops and sibilants if the next word begins with a vowel or liquid
- bilabial w > v, which can be f, f́ after voiceless consonant, tfůj, kf́at. This also affect f < chw
- Mazuration
- ḷ > ł > u̯
- depalatalization of word final palatal labials
- phonemization of ḱ, ǵ from retaining them when they occursed before *y, ъ̥, e as well as denasalization of ę (kę/gę > ke/ge)
- -ch > -k, or in Spisz > -f (only word finally), or in clusters: kfała, kćáł
- Tendency for assimilation and simplification:
- velarization of n before k (phonemic?)
- -ść, -śń > -ś: zleś, gryź, pleś, maś (maść)
- weakening loss of -ł- at the end of an inlaut (śródgłos): gᵘ̭ova
- strz, zdrz, trz, drz > szcz, żdż, cz, dż
- rs, r-z > rz
- kk > k
- Doubling of s, ś in bᵘ̯ossᵘ̯o, leśśe, viśśi, viessá, and sometimes ss śś > sc, ść bᵘ̯osco v leśće, viscá
- Breaking of the groups ss, zz, źź, vv, v́v́, ff, f́f́ by placing a mobile e after the prepositions/prefixes z(-), v(-)
- śrz, źrz > śr, źr or in the north > rś, rź
- placement of stress on the penultimate syllable except in Podhale, which has initial stress
- loss of intervocalic j and contraction
- preference for jasne o: skolny (szkolny)
- ir > er in serce, śmierć, piersi, otherwise > ér
- In the north yl, ył, il, ił > el, eł, beł, beli, uN > oN, font, gront, lack of eN, oN > éN, óN
- i > y after sz, ż, cz, dż, c, dz, rz (including Mazurized pronunciations of sibilants) except in Podhale, which still has i
- Fronting, flattening, and narrowing of á before tautosyllabic j in the imperative: cekej (except in most subialects, which have -aj?, except dać?)
- á > o tako trova
- é > y after hard and soft consonants, except in the north where > y after hard, > i after soft, and in one region (34D in Dejna) > e at least after hard
- Traces of e > o before tautosyllabic u̯ (ł), can be found in some Standard Polish words (kocioł, kozioł, osioł)
- diphthongization/labialization of o > ᵘ̯o (not just initially)
- sometimes fronting of ᵘ̯o > ᵘ̯oᵉ, u̯ë, ᵘ̯ë, which avoids raising of o, which could be confused with the reflex of pochylone ó
- Loss of the alternation caused by ablaut of ‘o||’e, miotła||mietle by analogy of nonablauted forms, wiesna (via wieśnie), niesę (via nieśli), also influenced by the change above
- Old Polish ą̆ (in a short syllable) > e ide, wode, along with denasalization of the vowel into an assimilated nasal consonant before a consonant, and total loss before stops and sibilants: deby (dęby) gesi (gęsi). Regionally ą̆ is retained, or mergs with ǫ: zǫp zǫby
- Old Polish ą̄ (in a long syllable) > ą̊ (and most commonly) > ǫ along with denasalization of the vowel: dåb, dop (dąb), or sometimes in final position -om
- -iszcze > -isko
- Spread of -asty, -isty
- -‘ev- > -‘ov-, also after soft consonants
- use of od(-) before vowels and semivowels (as opposed to ot(-))
- loss of r- in the prefix roz-: ᵘ̯ozlác
- replacement of locative plural -’ech > -’och by analogy of -‘evi > -‘ovi etc., which was later replaced by -ach
- Levelling of the nominative and accusative singular neuter endings -ē and -ĕ by spreading -e, pole
- Replacement of the genitive singular masculine/neuter adjective endings -égo with -ego via tego, do niego
- Tendency to replace some noun declension endings with adjective endings or vice-versa
- Replacement of the neuter nominative/accusative numeral dwie with the masculine dwa
- Prefixed iść type verbs with an inserted -ń-
- Hardening of the first person singular and plural verb endings such as idemy, złapę by analogy of idę and archaic grzebę
- Spread of hard labial in l-forms of melę/pelę via contamination of ḿel-, ṕel, and the l-forms mełł-, pełl-
- spread of the first person plural verb ending -my (over -m) under influence of the pronoun my, or with -va, sometimes -ma via contamination of the two; in the souther -me via Slovak.
- Creation and spread of the preterite ending -ek (or -k after a vowel) < -ech, contaminated with -(ś)ḿ as well as with the aorist form of the auxiliary verb bych in the south-wst: nosiłek, byłak; elsewhere -em (-m after a vowel), which can voice the stem: zaniuzem, zanius. This form could be a reduction of -chm(y)
- Creation of the first person plural preteriate ending -chmy via contamination -(je)sm + (by)chom and under the influence of the pronoun my: nieślichmy. In some Lesser Poland subdialects, -sm > -śḿ under influence of -ś, -ście
- Rise of masculine personal nouns, except in a large number of subdialects where the gender disappeared.
References
[edit]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
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- ^ "Dialekt małopolski", a University of Warsaw webpage
- ^ a b c d e "Charakterystyka dialektu małopolskiego"
- ^ Stanisław Urbańczyk, ed. (1992). "Dialekt małopolski". Encyklopedia języka polskiego (in Polish) (II ed.). Wrocław-Warszawa-Kraków: Ossolineum. p. 60.
- ^ Karaś, Halina (2010). "Dialekt małopolski". dialektologia.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
- ^ Karol Dejna (1973). Dialekty polskie. pp. 254–261.