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').insertAfter(".two4"); if (!$(".nav-item").hasClass("resizedfrommoibletofull")) { $(".nav-item").click(function () { var link = $(this); $(this).find('.sub-nav').slideToggle('slow', function () { if ($(this).is(':visible')) { $(this).parent().find('span.openclose').html(''); } else { $(this).parent().find('span.openclose').html(''); } $(this).closest(".nav-item").toggleClass('openedmenu'); $(this).closest(".nav-item").find('a:first').toggleClass('openedmenu-link-active'); }); }); } } else if ($(window).width() > 820) { $(".mobile-only").toggleClass("hide"); $('.sub-nav li').css({ "max-width": "400px" }); $(".mobile-menu").toggleClass("hide"); $(".openclose").hide(); // Splits the blog and news area on the home page for mobile // Changed nav:first to nav because there was a conflict with the Drupal admin menus at the top $("nav").accessibleMegaMenu({ /* prefix for generated unique id attributes, which are required to indicate aria-owns, aria-controls and aria-labelledby */ uuidPrefix: "accessible-megamenu", /* css class used to define the megamenu styling */ menuClass: "nav-menu", /* css class for a top-level navigation item in the megamenu */ topNavItemClass: "nav-item", /* css class for a megamenu panel */ panelClass: "sub-nav", /* css class for a group of items within a megamenu panel */ panelGroupClass: "sub-nav-group", /* css class for the hover state */ hoverClass: "hover", /* css class for the focus state */ focusClass: "focus", /* css class for the open state */ openClass: "open" }); } // this code is OK to be executed several times when the user resizes the window $(window).resize(function () { //This was causing the mobile view menu to not work so leave commented out $( ".main-nav" ).hide(); $('.col-sm-12').toggleClass('zindexminus1'); $('.col-sm-9').toggleClass('zindexminus1'); $('.col-sm-6').toggleClass('zindexminus1'); var win = $(this); //this = window if (win.width() <= 820) { console.log("mobile"); $('.nav-item').addClass("resizedtomobile"); $('.sub-nav li').css({ "width": "100%" }); $("div.sidebar_first").appendTo("div.mobile_sidebar_first"); $(".cross").hide(); // $( ".main-nav" ).hide(); $(".hamburger").show(); $(".searchbutton").show(); $(".openclose").show(); $(".site-search").insertAfter(".searchbutton"); $(".site-search").css('display', 'none'); $(".searchsitetext").css('display', 'none'); $(".searchbutton").click(function () { $(".site-search").toggleClass("show"); $(".site-search").toggleClass("site-search-mobile"); }); // $(".mobile-menu").toggleClass("hide"); } // Checks if the window is changed to more than 820 pixels then moves back the leftnav if (win.width() > 820) { $('.nav-item').addClass("resizedfrommoibletofull"); if ($(".nav-item").hasClass("resizedfrommoibletofull")) { $("div.sidebar_first").appendTo("div.body-row"); // console.log("resizedfrommoibletofull yes!!!!"); } } }); // This code gets executed after the time has stopped aka when the user has stopped resizing the window, if this is not present the open and close function repeats several times function doneResizing() { var win = $(this); //this = window if (win.width() <= 820) { $('.grants-logo').css({ "float": "none" }); $('.col-sm-12').toggleClass('zindexminus1'); $('.col-sm-9').toggleClass('zindexminus1'); $('.col-sm-6').toggleClass('zindexminus1'); $('.sub-nav li').css({ "width": "100%" }); $('.sub-nav li').css({ "max-width": "100%" }); //Destroy accessibility plugin on mobile $('.sub-nav').removeAttr('aria-expanded'); // Splits the blog and news area on the home page for mobile $(".two4-news").css('display', 'none'); $('
News article iconNews
').insertAfter(".two4"); // This code only gets executed if the user is on full screen then moves the window to mobile if ($(".nav-item").hasClass("resizedtomobile") && (!$(".nav-item").hasClass("alreadymobile")) && (!$(".nav-item").hasClass("resizedfrommoibletofull"))) { $(".nav-item").click(function () { var link = $(this); $(this).find('.sub-nav').slideToggle('slow', function () { if ($(this).is(':visible')) { $(this).parent().find('span.openclose').html(''); } else { $(this).parent().find('span.openclose').html(''); } }); $(this).closest(".nav-item").toggleClass('openedmenu'); $(this).closest(".nav-item").find('a:first').toggleClass('openedmenu-link-active'); }); // $("div.sidebar_first").appendTo("div.body-row"); } } else { // Splits the blog and news area on the home page for mobile $(".two4-news2").appendTo(".two4"); $('.two4-news2').css({ "box-shadow": "none" }); $('.grants-logo').css({ "float": "left" }); $('.col-sm-12').removeClass('zindexminus1'); $('.col-sm-9').removeClass('zindexminus1'); $('.col-sm-6').removeClass('zindexminus1'); $(".site-search").appendTo("#searcharea"); // $('.nav-item').addClass("resizedfrommoibletofull"); $('.sub-nav li').css({ "max-width": "400px" }); $(".hamburger").hide(); $(".searchbutton").hide(); $('.site-search').css("display", "block"); $(".main-nav").show(); $(".openclose").hide(); $("div.sidebar_first").appendTo("div.revertback_sidebar_first"); $('.sub-nav').css("display", ""); // if( $('nav:first').data('plugin_accessibleMegaMenu') ){ //Restart the plugin // $('nav:first').data('plugin_accessibleMegaMenu').init(); // } else { $('.sub-nav').attr('aria-expanded', 'true'); $("nav").accessibleMegaMenu({ /* prefix for generated unique id attributes, which are required to indicate aria-owns, aria-controls and aria-labelledby */ uuidPrefix: "accessible-megamenu", /* css class used to define the megamenu styling */ menuClass: "nav-menu", /* css class for a top-level navigation item in the megamenu */ topNavItemClass: "nav-item", /* css class for a megamenu panel */ panelClass: "sub-nav", /* css class for a group of items within a megamenu panel */ panelGroupClass: "sub-nav-group", /* css class for the hover state */ hoverClass: "hover", /* css class for the focus state */ focusClass: "focus", /* css class for the open state */ openClass: "open" }); // } } } });
  1. Home
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  3. Research Misconduct
  4. Research Misconduct - Definitions

Research Misconduct - Definitions

Definitions

Research misconduct is defined as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results, according to 42 CFR Part 93 Link to External Site.

IMPORTANT: 
Research misconduct does NOT include honest error or differences of opinion



Fabrication: Making up data or results and recording or reporting them

  • A possible example of fabrication: In order to meet recruitment pressure and expectations, a study coordinator completed trial enrollment forms using faked names and participants' information.
  • Vermont investigator Eric Poehlman made up patients' data that never existed to support his scientific claims. Read about "Poehlman's case" Link to External Site in the New York Times
  • Read June 2012 article "Parkinson's Researcher Fabricated Data" Link to External Site in The Scientist
 

Falsification: Manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record.

  • Investigators might falsify results by 'splicing and pasting' together different segments of western blot images so that the final image presented appeared to have come from a single western blot procedure.
  • Harvard investigator Marc Hauser was found to have fabricated and manipulated research results. Read about "Hauser's case" Link to External Site in Boston.com
  • Read news article "Image Manipulation: CSI: cell biology" Link to External Site in Nature.com
 

Plagiarism: The appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit.

ORI's policy Link to External Site on Plagiarism excludes:

  • the limited use of identical or nearly-identical (general) phrases that are not substantially misleading or of great significance
  • disputes among former collaborators

This page last updated on: November 29, 2018

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