JMIR Publications

Background

With social distancing measures, school closures, and mounting unemployment rates, the COVID-19 pandemic drastically impacted the lives of families across the globe. An accumulating number of studies show that pandemic-related stressors induce mental health problems, which in turn may impede parenting abilities. For example, job loss, financial insecurities, parental anxiety, and depressive symptoms during the pandemic have been associated with increased (risk for) emotional and physical abuse [1,2]. Although these findings give rise to widespread concerns about potential increases in child maltreatment [3], data on the scope of this problem are still scarce.

A previous study on the impact of the pandemic showed that mental health problems were reflected in internet searches in the early phase of the pandemic [4]. More specifically, internet searches indicative of acute anxiety spiked in March 2020. Another study also indicated a relationship between search traffic data from Google and cases and deaths in severely affected European countries [5]. These studies motivate surveillance of such internet searches in order to track outbreaks and monitor health threats during the pandemic; hence, infodemiology (ie, information epidemiology) metrics, in particular data from Google Trends, could be useful in tracking the virus and monitoring its impact. Here, we applied an infodemiology approach to examine whether increased risk for child maltreatment during the pandemic is reflected in internet searches. We examined internet searches indicative of abusive parental behaviors (emotional and physical abuse) before and after the World Health Organization’s declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic (March 11, 2020) and subsequent lockdown measures in many countries worldwide.

Increases in Child Maltreatment–Related Search Terms

We used Google Trends to infer search trends between December 28, 2018, and December 27, 2020, for queries consisting of “mother,” “father,” or “parents” combined with each of the 11 maltreatment-related verbs used in the Conflict Tactics Scales, Parent-Child version [6]: yelled, screamed, shouted, cursed, swore, threatened, pinched, hit, slapped, beat, and shook. We inferred weekly raw search counts from the Google Trends data using the R package gtrendR [7]. This package first obtains global relative search trends for a particular search term (using quotes) from the Google Trends database. It then uses Comscore estimates to retrieve the total number of weekly Google desktop searches within a particular time period. For our analysis, this number was 3044 million searches per week for desktop searches and 6088 million searches in total, assuming that desktop searches amount to 50% of total Google searches. We fitted a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model using the R package gtrendsr [8] to estimate the excess search count after the start of the pandemic compared to the years before, while taking into account seasonal patterns recurring throughout the year. The increase in search activity was estimated by taking the ratio of the average weekly number of searches before and after the interruption point (March 11, 2020, when the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic). All analyses were conducted using R statistical software (version 3.5.0; R Foundation for Statistical Computing) and the script can be found on the Open Science Framework [9].

Multimedia Appendix 1 visualizes search trends before and after lockdowns began for the terms showing a pronounced increase: “mother slapped,” “mother cursed,” “father beat,” “father shook,” “parents cursed,” and “parents beat.” Several other search terms showed similar increases (see [9]). Of all 33 search terms, 28 showed increases in counts (range: 1.8%-196.1%; Table 1).