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. 2020 Dec 24;10(1):32. doi: 10.3390/jcm10010032

Table 1.

General view of included clinical studies in terms of: approach, number of subjects and framework.

Approach/
Comparison		 Matrix/Sample Cohort Size * Patients
(Smokers/Former/
Never)		 Controls
(Smokers/Former/
Never)		 Organization Reference
COPD vs. controls mixed breath 66 + 45 40/20/6 12/10/23 University Hospital Maastricht; Centre for Integrated Rehabilitation Organ Failure, Horn, The Netherlands [54]
Asthma vs.
controls (children)		 mixed breath 63 + 57 na na Department of Pediatric Pulmonology of University Hospital, Maastricht, Netherlands [17]
Asthma vs. controls mixed + alveolar breath 27 + 24 all non-smokers all non-smokers Istituto Dermopatico dell’ Immacolata, Rome (Italy) [55]
Lung cancer vs. controls mixed breath 28 + 36 0/17/11 36 ^ Forlanini Hospital, Roma, Italy. [21]
Lung cancer vs. never vs. smoker vs. controls alveolar breath 12 + 12 + 12 0/12/0 12//0/12 Department of pulmonology, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany [56]
COPD vs. controls alveolar breath 20 + 6 18/2 ^ 0/6 ^ Medicines Evaluation Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK [57]
Lung cancer vs. never vs. smoker vs. controls alveolar breath 31 + 31 + 31 0/29/2 31/0/31 Department of pneumology of local hospitals from Rostock, Germany and Innsbruck, Austria [48]
Lung cancer vs. controls alveolar breath 30 + 22 not specified not specified Oncology Division, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel [58]
Lung cancer vs. non-smokers mixed breath 40 + 38 21/12/7 0/10/28 Thoracic Surgery Section of the University Hospital of Parma, Italy [59]
Lung cancer vs. controls mixed breath 43 + 41 0/21/22 0/0/41 Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China. [60]
Asthma vs.
control (children)		 mixed breath 35 + 15 na na Department of Paediatric Immunoalergology of Hospital D. Pedro, Aveiro, Portugal [61]
Asthma vs. controls mixed breath + sputum 35 + 23 0/1/34 0/0/23 Medicines Evaluation Unit, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK [47]
Emphysema/COPD vs. controls alveolar breath 43 + 161 ns ns Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands [32]
Asthma vs. COPD mixed breath 60 + 40 No healthy controls 5/51/4
COPD:13/0/27		 Academic MC Amsterdam; Haga Teaching Hospital; Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands [38]
COPD with AATD vs. COPD vs. controls exhaled breath condensate 10 + 23 + 10 3/30/0 0/2/8 Philipps University Marburg; Ludwig Maximilians University Munich; Saarland University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany [39]
Lung cancer vs. controls mixed breath 23 + 30 2/0/21 6/0/24 Department of Lung Disease, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland [62]
Lung cancer vs. controls alveolar breath 137 + 143 ns/ns/ns 102/ns/41 Department of Lung Disease, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland [22]
Asthma vs.
controls (children)		 mixed breath 32 + 27 na na The Hospital Infante D. Pedro E.P.E, Aveiro, Portugal [46]
COPD vs. controls breath + sputum 39 + 32 12/27/0 10/0/22 Medicines Evaluation Unit, University Hospital of South Manchester, UK. [63]
COPD vs. COPD with BC vs. controls alveolar breath 30 + 54 + 35 ns/ns/ns ns/ns/ns KIST Europe; Max Planck Institute; Cluster of Excellence for Multimodel Computing and Interaction; Saarland University, Germany [35]
COPD vs. controls alveolar breath 119 + 63 41/78/0 6/18/39 Respiratory Unit, Prince Philip Hospital, Llanelli, UK [14]
COPD vs. asthma vs. controls exhaled breath condensate 17 + 20 + 7 5/16/16 0/3/4 Patients recruited from hospital out-patient clinics; controls from the community in Sydney, Australia. [40]
Lung cancer vs. controls alveolar breath 29 + 44 ns/ns/ns ns/ns/ns Department of Lung Disease, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland [44]
Lung cancer vs. controls mixed breath 92 + 137 25/58/9 28/71/35 Outpatient clinic from Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio [64]
Asthma vs. controls (children) alveolar breath 11 + 12 na na Inaccessible for authors; study developed in UK [65]
Asthma with exacerbation vs. asthma (children) mixed breath 16 + 26 na na Outpatient clinic, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands [45]
Lung cancer vs. controls mixed breath 22 + 10 19 #/3 0/10 ^ Local hospitals from Linköping, Sweden. [66]
Lung cancer vs. BPD vs. controls mixed breath 97 + 32 + 88 ns/ns/ns 45/43 ^ James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky [67]
Asthma vs. controls mixed breath 195 + 40 ns/ns/ns ns/ns/ns High Altitude Clinic, Davos-Wolfgang, Switzerland [43]
Lung cancer vs. BPD vs. controls mixed breath 107 + 40 + 88 56/65/12 45/0/43 Unmentioned; study developed in Louisville, Kentucky [68]
Lung cancer vs. controls mixed breath 50 + 39 33 #/17 7 #/32 St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan [36]
Lung cancer vs. controls mixed breath 13 + 25 ns/ns/ns ns/ns/ns Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai, China [69]
Lung cancer vs. BPD vs. controls alveolar breath 79 + 54 + 38 15/40/24 9/20/9
12/25/17 (BPD)		 Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, China [70]
COPD vs. smoker vs. non-smoker controls alveolar breath 45 + 23 + 28 5/40/0 11/12/28 Department of Pneumology, Ruhrlandklinik, University Hospital of Essen, Germany [18]
Lung cancer vs. BPD vs. smoker vs. non-smoker controls mixed breath 85 + 34 + 45 + 40 45/34/2/4 λ 45/0/40
10/7/7/10 λ (BPD)		 James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky [71]
Lung cancer vs. controls mixed breath 13 + 25 5/8 ^ 8/17 ^ Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai, China [72]
Lung cancer vs. BPD vs. controls mixed breath 165 + 65 + 194 69/80/7 25/20/20 (BPD) 73/41/80 Unmentioned; study developed in Louisville, Kentucky [73]
COPD vs. controls mixed breath 89 + 101 37/52/0 49/52 ^ Local hospitals in Marburg & Hannover, Germany. [19]
COPD vs. controls alveolar breath 79 + 73 42/37 ^ 41/32 ^ Unmentioned; study developed in Germany [37]
MPM vs. AEx vs. controls alveolar breath 23 + 22 + 21 9/5/9 (MPM) 5/5/12 (AEx)
13/0/8		 University Hospitals of Ghent, Leuven and Antwerp, Belgium [74]
Lung cancer vs. controls mixed breath 21 + 22 4/7/10 9/5/8 Unmentioned; study developed (probably) in Israel [33]
Lung cancer vs. controls mixed breath 37 + 23 21/14/2 4/7/12 ELK Berlin Chest Hospital and Charité Universitäts Medizin, Visceral, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Berlin, Germany [75]
Asthma vs. asthma with exacerbations (children) mixed breath 49 + 45 na na Outpatient clinic of 2 specialized pediatric pulmonology centers in the Netherlands [76]
Lung cancer vs. BPD alveolar breath 89 + 30 16/56/17 14/10/6 Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel. [77]
MPM vs. AEx vs. controls mixed breath 14 + 19 + 16 1/9/4 6/7/6 (AEx) 0/8/8 Three participating university hospitals from Belgium [78]
COPD vs. never vs. former vs. smokers alveolar breath 57+ 33 + 28 + 39 8/49/0 32/28/39 Hospital Central de la Defensa “Gomez Ulla”, Madrid, Spain [79]
Lung cancer vs. controls mixed breath 116 + 37 42/51/23 2/5/30 Tokai University Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan [80]
Lung cancer vs. controls alveolar breath 107 + 29 47/15/45 5/3/21 Aichi Cancer center, Nagoya Japan [16]
AECOPD vs. COPD vs. controls alveolar breath 14 + 16 + 24 6/7/1 (AECOP) 3/13/0 (COPD)
7/0/17		 Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria [81]
COPD vs. controls exhaled breath condensate 22 + 14 10/11/1 5/8/1 Unmentioned; study developed in Switzerland [20]
Lung cancer vs. BPD vs. controls alveolar breath 233+ 111 + 140 102/45/86 41/16/54 (BPD)
69/16/55		 Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Hangzhou, China [82]
Lung cancer vs. controls alveolar breath 37 + 48 9/15/13 4/10/34 Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Republic of Korea [15]
Lung cancer vs. controls mixed breath 57 + 72 22/35 ^ 25/47 ^ First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangdong, China [41]
Lung cancer vs. COPD vs. controls mixed breath 30 + 18 + 61 12/16/2 10/8/0 (COPD)
13/21/27		 Hospital Clinic and Hospital Universitari Sagrat Cor of Barcelona, Spain. [83]
Lung cancer vs. controls mixed breath 30 +30 19/11 ^ 5/25 ^ Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China [34]
Lung cancer vs. controls alveolar breath 108 + 121 69/39 ^ 50/71 ^ Department of Lung Disease, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland [84]
Asthma vs. CF vs. controls (children) mixed breath 20 + 13 + 22 na na Maastricht UMC & Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht, Netherlands [42]
COPD vs. controls mixed breath 25 + 33 4/10/11 3/7/23 Outpatient clinic in Hospital Central “Dr. Ignacio Morones Prieto”, San Luis Potosi, Mexico [85]
Lung cancer vs. controls alveolar breath 462 ns/ns/ns ns/ns/ns five medical centers in USA [86]
Lung cancer vs. controls mixed breath 15 + 14 3/12/0 1/6/7 University hospital of Liège, Belgium [13]

* the numbers presented are connected with the categories of diseased patients or controls involved in the study (the first number refers to patients and the second to controls); #—former + active smokers; ^—former + never smokers; λ—smoking status unknown; AECOPD = acute exacerbation chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; AEx = asymptomatic former asbestos; BC = bronchial carcinoma; BPD = benign pulmonary diseases; CF—cystic fibrosis; MPM = malignant pleural mesothelioma (tumor of pleural lining of the thorax associated with asbestos exposure).

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