Which elements are excited in electrical stimulation of mammalian central nervous system: a review
- PMID: 1102064
- DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(75)90364-9
Which elements are excited in electrical stimulation of mammalian central nervous system: a review
Abstract
(1) There are data on the amount of current necessary to stimulate a myelinated fiber or cell body and/or its axon a given distance away from a monopolar electrode over the entire range of practical interest for intracranial stimulation. Data do not exist for other electrode configurations. (2) Currents from a monopolar cathode of more than 8 times threshold may block action potentials in axons. Therefore, only axons lying in a shell around the electrode are stimulated. Elements very close to the electrode may not be stimulated. Close to an electrode small diameter axons may be stimulated and larger ones may not be. (3) Most, and perhaps all, CNS myelinated fibers have chronaxies of 50-100 musec. When gray matter is stimulated, the chronaxie is often 200-700 musec. It is not clear what is being stimulated in this case. Current-duration relations should be determined for many more responses. (4) There are no current-distance or current-duration data for central finely myelinated or unmyelinated fibers. (5) It takes less cathodal current than anodal to stimulate a myelinated fiber passing by a monopolar electrode. When a monopolar electrode is near a cell body, on the opposite side from the axon, often the lowest threshold is anodal, but sometimes cathodal. Stimulation of a neuron near its cell body is not well understood, but in many cases the axon is probably stimulated. (6) Orientation of cell body and axons with respect to current flow is important. For an axon it is the component of the voltage gradient parallel to the fiber that is important. (7) The pia has a significant resistance and capacitance. Gray matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid have different resistivities, which affect patterns of current flow. (8) More is known about stimulation of mammalian CNS than most workers are aware of. Much of what is unknown seems solvable with current methods.
Similar articles
-
Which elements of the mammalian central nervous system are excited by low current stimulation with microelectrodes?Neuroscience. 2010 Oct 13;170(2):399-407. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.07.032. Epub 2010 Jul 24. Neuroscience. 2010. PMID: 20659531 Free PMC article.
-
Rapid conduction and the evolution of giant axons and myelinated fibers.Curr Biol. 2007 Jan 9;17(1):R29-35. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.11.042. Curr Biol. 2007. PMID: 17208176 Review.
-
Effect of anodal blockade of myelinated fibers on vagal C-fiber afferents.Am J Physiol. 1980 Nov;239(5):R454-62. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1980.239.5.R454. Am J Physiol. 1980. PMID: 7435661
-
Strength-duration characteristics of myelinated and non-myelinated bulbospinal axons in the cat spinal cord.J Physiol. 1983 Apr;337:37-50. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1983.sp014610. J Physiol. 1983. PMID: 6875936 Free PMC article.
-
The conduction properties of axons in central white matter.Prog Neurobiol. 1977;8(4):297-324. doi: 10.1016/0301-0082(77)90009-0. Prog Neurobiol. 1977. PMID: 335441 Review. No abstract available.
Cited by
-
Neuron type-specific optogenetic stimulation for differential stroke recovery in chronic capsular infarct.Exp Mol Med. 2024 Jun 3. doi: 10.1038/s12276-024-01253-8. Online ahead of print. Exp Mol Med. 2024. PMID: 38825647
-
Thalamo-cortical evoked potentials during stimulation of the dentato-rubro-thalamic tract demonstrate synaptic filtering.Neurotherapeutics. 2024 Jan;21(1):e00295. doi: 10.1016/j.neurot.2023.10.005. Epub 2023 Dec 19. Neurotherapeutics. 2024. PMID: 38237402 Free PMC article.
-
Transspinal Direct Current Electrical Stimulation Selectively Affects the Excitability of the Corticospinal System, Depending on the Intensity but Not Motor Skills.Life (Basel). 2023 Dec 16;13(12):2353. doi: 10.3390/life13122353. Life (Basel). 2023. PMID: 38137954 Free PMC article.
-
Activity-dependent recruitment of inhibition and excitation in the awake mammalian cortex during electrical stimulation.Neuron. 2024 Mar 6;112(5):821-834.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.11.022. Epub 2023 Dec 21. Neuron. 2024. PMID: 38134920
-
Fully implanted battery-free high power platform for chronic spinal and muscular functional electrical stimulation.Nat Commun. 2023 Nov 30;14(1):7887. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-43669-2. Nat Commun. 2023. PMID: 38036552 Free PMC article.
Publication types
MeSH terms
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources