The roles of TLRs, RLRs and NLRs in pathogen recognition
- PMID: 19246554
- PMCID: PMC2721684
- DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxp017
The roles of TLRs, RLRs and NLRs in pathogen recognition
Abstract
The mammalian innate immune system detects the presence of microbial infection through germ line-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors serve as PRRs that recognize different but overlapping microbial components. They are expressed in different cellular compartments such as the cell surface, endosome, lysosome or cytoplasm and activate specific signaling pathways that lead to expression of genes that tailor immune responses to particular microbes. This review summarizes recent insights into pathogen sensing by these PRRs and their signaling pathways.
Figures
![Fig. 1.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2721684/bin/intimmdxp017f01_4c.gif)
![Fig. 2.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2721684/bin/intimmdxp017f02_4c.gif)
![Fig. 3.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2721684/bin/intimmdxp017f03_4c.gif)
![Fig. 4.](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/2721684/bin/intimmdxp017f04_4c.gif)
Similar articles
-
Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), NOD-Like Receptors (NLRs), and RIG-I-Like Receptors (RLRs) in Innate Immunity. TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs Ligands as Immunotherapeutic Agents for Hematopoietic Diseases.Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Dec 13;22(24):13397. doi: 10.3390/ijms222413397. Int J Mol Sci. 2021. PMID: 34948194 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Intracellular NOD-like receptors in innate immunity, infection and disease.Cell Microbiol. 2008 Jan;10(1):1-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01059.x. Epub 2007 Oct 18. Cell Microbiol. 2008. PMID: 17944960 Review.
-
Pattern-recognition receptors in endometriosis: A narrative review.Front Immunol. 2023 Mar 23;14:1161606. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1161606. eCollection 2023. Front Immunol. 2023. PMID: 37033937 Free PMC article. Review.
-
An Overview of Pathogen Recognition Receptors for Innate Immunity in Dental Pulp.Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:794143. doi: 10.1155/2015/794143. Epub 2015 Oct 20. Mediators Inflamm. 2015. PMID: 26576076 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Investigating the role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors in bacterial lung infection.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014 Jun 15;189(12):1461-8. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201311-2103PP. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014. PMID: 24707903 Free PMC article. Review.
Cited by
-
Short-peptide-based enteral nutrition affects rats MDP translocation and protects against gut-lung injury via the PepT1-NOD2-beclin-1 pathway in vivo.Mol Biol Rep. 2024 Aug 7;51(1):891. doi: 10.1007/s11033-024-09759-0. Mol Biol Rep. 2024. PMID: 39110355 Free PMC article.
-
Oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs upregulate bactericidal activities of heterophils and enhance immunoprotection of neonatal broiler chickens against Salmonella Typhimurium septicemia.Poult Sci. 2024 Jul 10;103(10):104078. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104078. Online ahead of print. Poult Sci. 2024. PMID: 39096829 Free PMC article.
-
Targeting Microglia in Neuroinflammation: H3 Receptor Antagonists as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Autism Spectrum Disorder.Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024 Jun 25;17(7):831. doi: 10.3390/ph17070831. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024. PMID: 39065682 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Evolving Paradigms in Sepsis Management: A Narrative Review.Cells. 2024 Jul 9;13(14):1172. doi: 10.3390/cells13141172. Cells. 2024. PMID: 39056754 Free PMC article. Review.
-
The immunopathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer: a narrative review.Front Microbiol. 2024 Jul 5;15:1395403. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1395403. eCollection 2024. Front Microbiol. 2024. PMID: 39035439 Free PMC article. Review.
References
-
- Hoffmann JA. The immune response of Drosophila. Nature. 2003;426:33. - PubMed
-
- Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O. Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell. 2006;124:783. - PubMed
-
- Beutler B, Eidenschenk C, Crozat K, et al. Genetic analysis of resistance to viral infection. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2007;7:753. - PubMed
-
- Medzhitov R. Recognition of microorganisms and activation of the immune response. Nature. 2007;449:819. - PubMed
-
- Janeway CA., Jr Approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology. Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 1989;54:1. - PubMed
Publication types
MeSH terms
Substances
Grants and funding
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources