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. 2009 Dec 20;27(36):6199-206.
doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.23.4799. Epub 2009 Nov 16.

Final version of 2009 AJCC melanoma staging and classification

Charles M Balch  1 , Jeffrey E Gershenwald, Seng-Jaw Soong, John F Thompson, Michael B Atkins, David R Byrd, Antonio C Buzaid, Alistair J Cochran, Daniel G Coit, Shouluan Ding, Alexander M Eggermont, Keith T Flaherty, Phyllis A Gimotty, John M Kirkwood, Kelly M McMasters, Martin C Mihm Jr, Donald L Morton, Merrick I Ross, Arthur J Sober, Vernon K Sondak
Affiliations

Final version of 2009 AJCC melanoma staging and classification

Charles M Balch et al. J Clin Oncol. .

Abstract

Purpose: To revise the staging system for cutaneous melanoma on the basis of data from an expanded American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Melanoma Staging Database.

Methods: The melanoma staging recommendations were made on the basis of a multivariate analysis of 30,946 patients with stages I, II, and III melanoma and 7,972 patients with stage IV melanoma to revise and clarify TNM classifications and stage grouping criteria.

Results: Findings and new definitions include the following: (1) in patients with localized melanoma, tumor thickness, mitotic rate (histologically defined as mitoses/mm(2)), and ulceration were the most dominant prognostic factors. (2) Mitotic rate replaces level of invasion as a primary criterion for defining T1b melanomas. (3) Among the 3,307 patients with regional metastases, components that defined the N category were the number of metastatic nodes, tumor burden, and ulceration of the primary melanoma. (4) For staging purposes, all patients with microscopic nodal metastases, regardless of extent of tumor burden, are classified as stage III. Micrometastases detected by immunohistochemistry are specifically included. (5) On the basis of a multivariate analysis of patients with distant metastases, the two dominant components in defining the M category continue to be the site of distant metastases (nonvisceral v lung v all other visceral metastatic sites) and an elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase level.

Conclusion: Using an evidence-based approach, revisions to the AJCC melanoma staging system have been made that reflect our improved understanding of this disease. These revisions will be formally incorporated into the seventh edition (2009) of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual and implemented by early 2010.

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Conflict of interest statement

Authors' disclosures of potential conflicts of interest and author contributions are found at the end of this article.

Figures

Fig 1.
Fig 1.
Survival curves from the American Joint Committee on Cancer Melanoma Staging Database comparing (A) the different T categories and (B) the stage groupings for stages I and II melanoma. For patients with stage III disease, survival curves are shown comparing (C) the different N categories and (D) the stage groupings.
Fig 2.
Fig 2.
Survival curves of 7,635 patients with metastatic melanomas at distant sites (stage IV) subgrouped by (A) the site of metastatic disease and (B) serum lactose dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. LDH values are not used to stratify patients. Curves in (A) are based only on site of metastasis. The number of patients is shown in parentheses. SQ, subcutaneous.
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References

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