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Review
. 2012 Jan 1;52(1):1-6.
doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.030. Epub 2011 Oct 2.

Measuring reactive oxygen and nitrogen species with fluorescent probes: challenges and limitations

Balaraman Kalyanaraman  1 , Victor Darley-Usmar, Kelvin J A Davies, Phyllis A Dennery, Henry Jay Forman, Matthew B Grisham, Giovanni E Mann, Kevin Moore, L Jackson Roberts 2nd, Harry Ischiropoulos
Affiliations
Review

Measuring reactive oxygen and nitrogen species with fluorescent probes: challenges and limitations

Balaraman Kalyanaraman et al. Free Radic Biol Med. .

Abstract

The purpose of this position paper is to present a critical analysis of the challenges and limitations of the most widely used fluorescent probes for detecting and measuring reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Where feasible, we have made recommendations for the use of alternate probes and appropriate analytical techniques that measure the specific products formed from the reactions between fluorescent probes and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. We have proposed guidelines that will help present and future researchers with regard to the optimal use of selected fluorescent probes and interpretation of results.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Oxidative reactions mediated by the dichlorodihydrofluorescein radical (DCF•−) in the presence of oxygen, heme proteins, and glutathione (reproduced from Ref. [35]).
Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Oxidative reactions of HE and Mito-HE.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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