Type 2 diabetes and cognitive impairment: linking mechanisms
- PMID: 22433668
- PMCID: PMC3372666
- DOI: 10.3233/JAD-2012-111433
Type 2 diabetes and cognitive impairment: linking mechanisms
Abstract
This manuscript provides a brief review of current concepts in the mechanisms potentially linking type-2-diabetes (T2D) with cognitive impairment. Existing epidemiologic studies, imaging studies, autopsy studies, and clinical trials provide insights into the mechanisms linking T2D and cognitive impairment. There seems to be little dispute that T2D can cause cerebrovascular disease and thus cause vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Whether T2D can cause late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) remains to be elucidated. Many epidemiologic studies show an association between T2D and cognitive impairment, but the association with VCI seems to be stronger compared to LOAD, suggesting that cerebrovascular disease may be the main mechanism linking T2D and cognitive impairment. Imaging studies show an association between T2D and imaging markers of LOAD, but these observations could still be explained by cerebrovascular mechanisms. Autopsy studies are few and conflicting, with some suggesting a predominantly cerebrovascular mechanism, and others providing support for a neurodegenerative mechanism. Thus far, the evidence from clinical trials is mixed in supporting a causal association between T2D and cognitive impairment, and most clinical trials that can answer this question are yet to be reported or finished. Given the epidemic of T2D in the world, it is important to elucidate whether the association between T2D and cognitive impairment, particularly LOAD, is causal, and if so, what the mechanisms are.
Keywords: Type 2 diabetes; dementia; late onset Alzheimer’s disease; mechanisms; vascular cognitive impairment.
Conflict of interest statement
Similar articles
-
Type 2 diabetes, related conditions, in relation and dementia: an opportunity for prevention?J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;20(3):723-36. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2010-091687. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010. PMID: 20413862 Review.
-
Pathophysiological Mechanisms Linking Type 2 Diabetes and Dementia: Review of Evidence from Clinical, Translational and Epidemiological Research.Curr Diabetes Rev. 2019;15(6):456-470. doi: 10.2174/1573399815666190129155654. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2019. PMID: 30648514 Review.
-
Cognitive impairment and diabetes.Recent Pat Endocr Metab Immune Drug Discov. 2013 May;7(2):155-65. doi: 10.2174/1872214811307020009. Recent Pat Endocr Metab Immune Drug Discov. 2013. PMID: 23489242 Review.
-
Diabetes and cognition.Clin Geriatr Med. 2015 Feb;31(1):101-15, ix. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2014.08.021. Epub 2014 Nov 15. Clin Geriatr Med. 2015. PMID: 25453304 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Diabetes, related conditions, and dementia.J Neurol Sci. 2010 Dec 15;299(1-2):35-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2010.08.063. J Neurol Sci. 2010. PMID: 20888602 Free PMC article. Review.
Cited by
-
Special Issue-Diabetes Mellitus: Current Research and Future Perspectives.J Pers Med. 2024 Mar 15;14(3):308. doi: 10.3390/jpm14030308. J Pers Med. 2024. PMID: 38541050 Free PMC article.
-
Tirzepatide ameliorates spatial learning and memory impairment through modulation of aberrant insulin resistance and inflammation response in diabetic rats.Front Pharmacol. 2023 Aug 28;14:1146960. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1146960. eCollection 2023. Front Pharmacol. 2023. PMID: 37701028 Free PMC article.
-
Editorial: Collection on renal disease, diabetes and cognitive performance.Front Hum Neurosci. 2023 Aug 25;17:1240691. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1240691. eCollection 2023. Front Hum Neurosci. 2023. PMID: 37694173 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
-
"Adjust Zang and arouse spirit" electroacupuncture ameliorates cognitive impairment by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress in db/db mice.Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Apr 19;14:1185022. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1185022. eCollection 2023. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023. PMID: 37152933 Free PMC article.
-
A novel rhein-huprine hybrid ameliorates disease-modifying properties in preclinical mice model of Alzheimer's disease exacerbated with high fat diet.Cell Biosci. 2023 Mar 9;13(1):52. doi: 10.1186/s13578-023-01000-y. Cell Biosci. 2023. PMID: 36895036 Free PMC article.
References
-
- Ritchie K, Lovestone S. The dementias. Lancet. 2002;360:1759–1766. - PubMed
-
- Evans DA, Funkenstein HH, Albert MS, Scherr PA, Cook NR, Chown MJ, Hebert LE, Hennekens CH, Taylor JO. Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in a community population of older persons. Higher than previously reported. JAMA. 1989;262:2551–2556. - PubMed
-
- Chui HC, Mack W, Jackson JE, Mungas D, Reed BR, Tinklenberg J, Chang FL, Skinner K, Tasaki C, Jagust WJ. Clinical criteria for the diagnosis of vascular dementia: a multicenter study of comparability and interrater reliability. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:191–196. - PubMed
-
- Luis CA, Loewenstein DA, Acevedo A, Barker WW, Duara R. Mild cognitive impairment: directions for future research. Neurology. 2003;61:438–444. - PubMed
Publication types
MeSH terms
Grants and funding
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Medical