The enemy within: phloem-limited pathogens
- PMID: 27997761
- PMCID: PMC6638166
- DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12526
The enemy within: phloem-limited pathogens
Abstract
The growing impact of phloem-limited pathogens on high-value crops has led to a renewed interest in understanding how they cause disease. Although these pathogens cause substantial crop losses, many are poorly characterized. In this review, we present examples of phloem-limited pathogens that include intracellular bacteria with and without cell walls, and viruses. Phloem-limited pathogens have small genomes and lack many genes required for core metabolic processes, which is, in part, an adaptation to the unique phloem environment. For each pathogen class, we present multiple case studies to highlight aspects of disease caused by phloem-limited pathogens. The pathogens presented include Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (citrus greening), Arsenophonus bacteria, Serratia marcescens (cucurbit yellow vine disease), Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris (Aster Yellows Witches' Broom), Spiroplasma kunkelii, Potato leafroll virus and Citrus tristeza virus. We focus on commonalities in the virulence strategies of these pathogens, and aim to stimulate new discussions in the hope that widely applicable disease management strategies can be found.
Keywords: bacteria; insect vector; pathogen; phloem limited; phytoplasma; spiroplasma; virus.
PUBLISHED 2016. THIS ARTICLE IS A U.S. GOVERNMENT WORK AND IS IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE USA.
Figures
![Figure 1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/6638166/bin/MPP-19-238-g001.gif)
Similar articles
-
'Candidatus Phytoplasma', a taxon for the wall-less, non-helical prokaryotes that colonize plant phloem and insects.Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2004 Jul;54(Pt 4):1243-1255. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.02854-0. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2004. PMID: 15280299
-
The Phloem as an Arena for Plant Pathogens.Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2022 Aug 26;60:77-96. doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-100946. Epub 2022 Apr 6. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2022. PMID: 35385671 Review.
-
Molecular Identification and Characterization of Two Groups of Phytoplasma and Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus in Single or Mixed Infection of Citrus maxima on Hainan Island of China.Biology (Basel). 2022 Jun 6;11(6):869. doi: 10.3390/biology11060869. Biology (Basel). 2022. PMID: 35741390 Free PMC article.
-
First report of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris' associated with witches'-broom disease of Pinus yunnanensis in China.Plant Dis. 2023 Jun 27. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-04-23-0732-PDN. Online ahead of print. Plant Dis. 2023. PMID: 37368446
-
The Candidatus Liberibacter-Host Interface: Insights into Pathogenesis Mechanisms and Disease Control.Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2017 Aug 4;55:451-482. doi: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035513. Epub 2017 Jun 21. Annu Rev Phytopathol. 2017. PMID: 28637377 Review.
Cited by
-
Alternative Tissue Sampling for Improved Detection of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus.Plants (Basel). 2023 Sep 23;12(19):3364. doi: 10.3390/plants12193364. Plants (Basel). 2023. PMID: 37836104 Free PMC article.
-
The Interplay between Enucleated Sieve Elements and Companion Cells.Plants (Basel). 2023 Aug 23;12(17):3033. doi: 10.3390/plants12173033. Plants (Basel). 2023. PMID: 37687278 Free PMC article. Review.
-
VIGE: virus-induced genome editing for improving abiotic and biotic stress traits in plants.Stress Biol. 2022 Jan 7;2(1):2. doi: 10.1007/s44154-021-00026-x. Stress Biol. 2022. PMID: 37676518 Free PMC article. Review.
-
The warfare for plant highway: vascular plant-microbe interaction pinpoints lignin.Stress Biol. 2022 Jun 23;2(1):24. doi: 10.1007/s44154-022-00047-0. Stress Biol. 2022. PMID: 37676368 Free PMC article.
-
Secondary metabolites in grapevine: crosstalk of transcriptional, metabolic and hormonal signals controlling stress defence responses in berries and vegetative organs.Front Plant Sci. 2023 Jun 19;14:1124298. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1124298. eCollection 2023. Front Plant Sci. 2023. PMID: 37404528 Free PMC article. Review.
References
-
- Albiach‐Marti, M.R. (2013) The complex genetics of Citrus tristeza virus In: Current Issues in Molecular Virology – Viral Genetics and Biotechnological Applications. (Romanowski, V., ed.), pp. 1–25. Rijeka: InTech.
-
- Albiach‐Marti, M.R. , Grosser, J.W. , Gowda, S. , Mawassi, M. , Satyanarayana, T. , Garnsey, S.M. and Dawson, W.O. (2004) Citrus tristeza virus replicates and forms infectious virions in protoplasts of resistant citrus relatives. Mol. Breed. 14, 117–128.
-
- Ammar, E.D. , Fulton, D. , Bai, X. , Meulia, T. and Hogenhout, S.A. (2004) An attachment tip and pili‐like structures in insect‐ and plant‐pathogenic spiroplasmas of the class Mollicutes. Arch. Microbiol. 181, 97–105. - PubMed
Publication types
MeSH terms
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources