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. 2019 Sep 6;10(9):287.
doi: 10.3390/insects10090287.

Seasonal Abundance of Psyllid Species on Carrots and Potato Crops in Spain

Carlos A Antolínez  1   2 , Aranzazu Moreno  2 , Irene Ontiveros  2 , Sandra Pla  2 , María Plaza  2 , Susana Sanjuan  3 , José L Palomo  4 , M Jennifer Sjölund  5 , Jason C Sumner-Kalkun  5 , Yvonne M Arnsdorf  5 , Colin J Jeffries  5 , David Ouvrard  6 , Alberto Fereres  7
Affiliations

Seasonal Abundance of Psyllid Species on Carrots and Potato Crops in Spain

Carlos A Antolínez et al. Insects. .

Abstract

Psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) can transmit the phloem restricted bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (Lso). In Europe, Lso causes severe losses to carrot and represents a threat to the potato industry. A rising concern is Lso transmission from carrot to potato and within potato, and this has driven the need for monitoring populations of psyllid species which could serve as vectors on both crops. This would provide a fundamental understanding of the epidemiology of Lso. Different sampling methods were used to survey populations of psyllid species in commercial carrot and potato fields in central and eastern mainland Spain from 2015 to 2017. Two psyllid species, Bactericera trigonica and Bactericera nigricornis were found on carrot and potato crops. In carrot fields the most abundant species was B. trigonica (occurring from crop emergence to harvest); whereas in potato crops the most abundant psyllid species was B. nigricornis. Depending on field location, the maximum psyllid populations occurred between June and October. Since B. nigricornis was found on both carrot and potato and is the only psyllid species able to feed and reproduce on both these crops in Europe, there is the potential risk of Lso transmission from carrot to potato.

Keywords: Bactericera nigricornis; Bactericera trigonica; Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum; population dynamics; psyllid yellows; vector abundance; vector-transmission; zebra chip.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Mean number of psyllids (B. trigonica + B. nigricornis) collected per sweep in 2016 (grey circles and solid line) and 2017 (black triangles and dashed line). Samples were collected in carrot fields, (a) Gomezserracín, (b) Íscar, (c) Villena or in potato fields, (d) Aldearrubia and (e) Gomezserracín. Y-axis values represent the mean number of insects per sweep and X-axis represents collecting dates.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Total number of psyllids (B. trigonica + B. nigricornis) collected by horizontal green water tile traps in 2016 (grey circles and solid line) and 2017 (black, triangles and dashed line). Samples were collected in carrot fields, (a) Gomezserracín, (b) Íscar, (c,d) Villena or in potato fields, (e) Aldearrubia and (f) Gomezserracín.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Number of eggs (squares and solid line) and immatures (circles and dashed line) found in 2016 (grey) and 2017 (black) in commercial carrot fields in (a) Gomezserracín, (b) Íscar and (c) Villena. Y-axis represents scale values. Scale for eggs and nymphs used was: 0 = 0, 1 = 1–4, 2 = 5–20, 3 = 21–50, 4 = more than 50.
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