The Role of Antioxidants Supplementation in Clinical Practice: Focus on Cardiovascular Risk Factors

doi:10.3390/antiox10020146

Review

. 2021 Jan 20;10(2):146.

doi: 10.3390/antiox10020146.

The Role of Antioxidants Supplementation in Clinical Practice: Focus on Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Vittoria Cammisotto¹, Cristina Nocella², Simona Bartimoccia², Valerio Sanguigni^{3

4}, Davide Francomano³, Sebastiano Sciarretta^{5

6}, Daniele Pastori², Mariangela Peruzzi^{5

7}, Elena Cavarretta^{5

7}, Alessandra D'Amico⁸, Valentina Castellani², Giacomo Frati^{5

6}, Roberto Carnevale^{5

7}, SMiLe Group⁹

Affiliations

¹ Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialty Paride Stefanini, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
² Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
³ Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Madonna delle Grazie Hospital, Velletri, 00049 Rome, Italy.
⁴ Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
⁵ Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy.
⁶ Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy.
⁷ Mediterranea, Cardiocentro, 80122 Napoli, Italy.
⁸ Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", 00135 Rome, Italy.
⁹ Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy.

PMID: 33498338
PMCID: PMC7909411
DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020146

Review

The Role of Antioxidants Supplementation in Clinical Practice: Focus on Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Vittoria Cammisotto et al. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021.

. 2021 Jan 20;10(2):146.

doi: 10.3390/antiox10020146.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of General Surgery and Surgical Specialty Paride Stefanini, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
² Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
³ Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Madonna delle Grazie Hospital, Velletri, 00049 Rome, Italy.
⁴ Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
⁵ Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy.
⁶ Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy.
⁷ Mediterranea, Cardiocentro, 80122 Napoli, Italy.
⁸ Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", 00135 Rome, Italy.
⁹ Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, 04100 Latina, Italy.

PMID: 33498338
PMCID: PMC7909411
DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020146

Abstract

Oxidative stress may be defined as an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant system to counteract or detoxify these potentially damaging molecules. This phenomenon is a common feature of many human disorders, such as cardiovascular disease. Many of the risk factors, including smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and obesity, are associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease, involving an elevated oxidative stress burden (either due to enhanced ROS production or decreased antioxidant protection). There are many therapeutic options to treat oxidative stress-associated cardiovascular diseases. Numerous studies have focused on the utility of antioxidant supplementation. However, whether antioxidant supplementation has any preventive and/or therapeutic value in cardiovascular pathology is still a matter of debate. In this review, we provide a detailed description of oxidative stress biomarkers in several cardiovascular risk factors. We also discuss the clinical implications of the supplementation with several classes of antioxidants, and their potential role for protecting against cardiovascular risk factors.

Keywords: antioxidants; biomarkers; cardiovascular disease; oxidative stress; risk factors; supplementation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Several cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and smoking, are associated with enhanced oxidative stress, which favors the progression of cardiovascular disease.

**Figure 2**
The measurement and monitoring of biomarkers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status associated with cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and smoking) can help (1) to assess the patient’s health status, and (2) to consider an appropriate supplementation of antioxidants if altered oxidative stress/or antioxidant status is recorded. Moreover, antioxidant therapy must be monitored to adjust the dosage and the time of administration based on the biomarker values verified.

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References

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1. El Hawary R., Meshaal S., Deswarte C., Galal N., Abdelkawy M., Alkady R., Elaziz D.A., Freiberger T., Ravcukova B., Litzman J., et al. Role of Flow Cytometry in the Diagnosis of Chronic Granulomatous Disease: The Egyptian Experience. J. Clin. Immunol. 2016;36:610–618. doi: 10.1007/s10875-016-0297-y. - DOI - PubMed
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[1] Phaniendra A., Jestadi D.B., Periyasamy L. Free radicals: Properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Indian J. Clin. Biochem. 2015;30:11–26. doi: 10.1007/s12291-014-0446-0. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[2] Phaniendra A., Jestadi D.B., Periyasamy L. Free radicals: Properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Indian J. Clin. Biochem. 2015;30:11–26. doi: 10.1007/s12291-014-0446-0. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[3] Valko M., Leibfritz D., Moncol J., Cronin M.T.D., Mazur M., Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2007;39:44–84. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001. - DOI - PubMed

[4] Valko M., Leibfritz D., Moncol J., Cronin M.T.D., Mazur M., Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2007;39:44–84. doi: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.07.001. - DOI - PubMed

[5] Katerji M., Filippova M., Duerksen-Hughes P. Approaches and Methods to Measure Oxidative Stress in Clinical Samples: Research Applications in the Cancer Field. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2019;2019 doi: 10.1155/2019/1279250. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[6] Katerji M., Filippova M., Duerksen-Hughes P. Approaches and Methods to Measure Oxidative Stress in Clinical Samples: Research Applications in the Cancer Field. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2019;2019 doi: 10.1155/2019/1279250. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[7] El Hawary R., Meshaal S., Deswarte C., Galal N., Abdelkawy M., Alkady R., Elaziz D.A., Freiberger T., Ravcukova B., Litzman J., et al. Role of Flow Cytometry in the Diagnosis of Chronic Granulomatous Disease: The Egyptian Experience. J. Clin. Immunol. 2016;36:610–618. doi: 10.1007/s10875-016-0297-y. - DOI - PubMed

[8] El Hawary R., Meshaal S., Deswarte C., Galal N., Abdelkawy M., Alkady R., Elaziz D.A., Freiberger T., Ravcukova B., Litzman J., et al. Role of Flow Cytometry in the Diagnosis of Chronic Granulomatous Disease: The Egyptian Experience. J. Clin. Immunol. 2016;36:610–618. doi: 10.1007/s10875-016-0297-y. - DOI - PubMed

[9] Gomes A., Fernandes E., Lima J.L.F.C. Fluorescence probes used for detection of reactive oxygen species. J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods. 2005;65:45–80. doi: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2005.10.003. - DOI - PubMed

[10] Gomes A., Fernandes E., Lima J.L.F.C. Fluorescence probes used for detection of reactive oxygen species. J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods. 2005;65:45–80. doi: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2005.10.003. - DOI - PubMed

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The Role of Antioxidants Supplementation in Clinical Practice: Focus on Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Affiliations

The Role of Antioxidants Supplementation in Clinical Practice: Focus on Cardiovascular Risk Factors

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Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

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