Sleep timing, chronotype and social jetlag: Impact on cognitive abilities and psychiatric disorders
- PMID: 33545116
- DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114438
Sleep timing, chronotype and social jetlag: Impact on cognitive abilities and psychiatric disorders
Abstract
Sleep timing is controlled by the subtle interplay between circadian and homeostatic oscillators which, according to their endogenous properties, allow beings to feel spontaneously that it is time to go to bed or wake up in synchrony with the earth's light/dark cycle. In humans, however, social time and nocturnal artificial light modify sleep timing. Our modern lifestyle and artificial nocturnal light delay our bedtime, make us wake up, and lead to a greater intraindividual variability in sleep timing. Depending on the constraints that social time places on us, our sleep timing may be in or out of phase with the internal circadian timing determined by the circadian clock. When a person's social time is out of phase with their circadian time, they may be considered to suffer from circadian disruption or 'social jetlag'. There are interindividual differences in sleep timing that are known as morningness-eveningness preferences or chronotype, e.g. late chronotypes go to bed later. Chronotype may be assessed in terms of differences in kinetic homeostatic sleep pressure, intrinsic circadian period (ICP) and/or phase angle entrainment. In addition, chronotype depends on genetic and age-related factors, e.g. it gets earlier as people grow older. The social time of late chronotype individuals during week days is not adapted to their circadian time, unlike on free days. This results in social jetlag and circadian disruption, which in turn induces a chronic sleep debt due to a late bedtime and an early wake time, which is compensated on free days but only partially. Sleep and circadian clock disruption generally alter cognitive performance (alertness, attention, memory, higher-order executive functions such as response inhibition and decision-making) but their impact remains to be clarified. When subjects adopt their preferred sleep timing, a "synchrony effect" often appears with chronotypes performing better during daytime at optimal than at suboptimal timing (late chronotypes perform better in the evening, early chronotypes in the morning). Evening types appear to be cognitively more vulnerable to suboptimal times than morning types, probably because they have to deal with social jetlag and the "wake effort" period after awakening. Circadian disruption, but not chronotype, may impact attentional/inhibitory performance (more impulsivity and inattention). Strong associations have been found between mood disorders or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and chronotype, with these psychiatric disorders typically being overrepresented in evening types. The association between social jetlag and these psychiatric disorders is less obvious. Social jetlag can be corrected by reducing exposure to evening light, although eveningness may be considered as a lifelong factor predisposing to depression or inattention.
Keywords: ADHD; Chronotype; Cognition; Mood disorder; Morningness-eveningness; Sleep timing; Social jetlag.
Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Similar articles
-
Associations of chronotype with social jetlag and behavioral problems in preschool children.Chronobiol Int. 2015;32(8):1101-8. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2015.1063503. Epub 2015 Aug 28. Chronobiol Int. 2015. PMID: 26317786
-
The synchrony effect revisited: chronotype, time of day and cognitive performance in a semantic analogy task.Chronobiol Int. 2018 Nov;35(12):1647-1662. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1500477. Epub 2018 Aug 7. Chronobiol Int. 2018. PMID: 30085831
-
Depression scores associate with chronotype and social jetlag in a rural population.Chronobiol Int. 2011 Nov;28(9):771-8. doi: 10.3109/07420528.2011.602445. Epub 2011 Sep 6. Chronobiol Int. 2011. PMID: 21895489
-
Biological Rhythm and Chronotype: New Perspectives in Health.Biomolecules. 2021 Mar 24;11(4):487. doi: 10.3390/biom11040487. Biomolecules. 2021. PMID: 33804974 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Circadian rhythms and decision-making: a review and new evidence from electroencephalography.Chronobiol Int. 2020 Apr;37(4):520-541. doi: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1715421. Epub 2020 Jan 31. Chronobiol Int. 2020. PMID: 32000532 Review.
Cited by
-
Association between Life's Essential 8 and cognitive function among older adults in the United States.Sci Rep. 2024 Aug 26;14(1):19773. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-70112-3. Sci Rep. 2024. PMID: 39187530 Free PMC article.
-
Association of sleep and generalized anxiety disorder in Korean adolescents.BMC Public Health. 2024 Jul 30;24(1):2045. doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-19524-4. BMC Public Health. 2024. PMID: 39080652 Free PMC article.
-
Frontoparietal Response to Working Memory Load Mediates the Association between Sleep Duration and Cognitive Function in Children.Brain Sci. 2024 Jul 14;14(7):706. doi: 10.3390/brainsci14070706. Brain Sci. 2024. PMID: 39061446 Free PMC article.
-
Chronotype and emotion processing: a pilot study testing timing of online cognitive bias modification training.BMJ Ment Health. 2024 Jul 2;27(1):1-7. doi: 10.1136/bmjment-2024-301045. BMJ Ment Health. 2024. PMID: 38960412 Free PMC article.
-
Associations between multiple sleep dimensions and suicide and non-suicidal self-injury: a cross-sectional study of 3828 Chinese young people.Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2024 May 23. doi: 10.1007/s00127-024-02689-z. Online ahead of print. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2024. PMID: 38780778
Publication types
MeSH terms
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
Medical