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Review
. 2021 Aug 4;12(3):265-305.
doi: 10.1007/s13167-021-00248-z. eCollection 2021 Sep.

Endothelin-1 axes in the framework of predictive, preventive and personalised (3P) medicine

Adriana Torres Crigna  1 , Barbara Link  1 , Marek Samec  2 , Frank A Giordano  1 , Peter Kubatka  3 , Olga Golubnitschaja  4
Affiliations
Review

Endothelin-1 axes in the framework of predictive, preventive and personalised (3P) medicine

Adriana Torres Crigna et al. EPMA J. .

Abstract

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is involved in the regulation of a myriad of processes highly relevant for physical and mental well-being; female and male health; in the modulation of senses, pain, stress reactions and drug sensitivity as well as healing processes, amongst others. Shifted ET-1 homeostasis may influence and predict the development and progression of suboptimal health conditions, metabolic impairments with cascading complications, ageing and related pathologies, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative pathologies, aggressive malignancies, modulating, therefore, individual outcomes of both non-communicable and infectious diseases such as COVID-19. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the involvement of ET-1 and related regulatory pathways in physiological and pathophysiological processes and estimates its capacity as a predictor of ageing and related pathologies,a sensor of lifestyle quality and progression of suboptimal health conditions to diseases for their targeted preventionand as a potent target for cost-effective treatments tailored to the person.

Keywords: Ageing; COVID-19; Cancer; Cardiovascular disease; Drug sensitivity; ET-1; Embryonic development; Endothelin; Endothelin axis; Female and male health; Individual outcomes; Lifestyle; Mental health; Metabolic impairments; Neurodegeneration; Nitric oxide; Pain sensitivity; Predictive preventive personalised medicine (PPPM/3PM); Pregnancy; Sense regulation; Stress reaction; Stroke; Suboptimal health; Treatment target; Vasoconstriction; Vasodilation; Vasospasm; Wound healing.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interestThe authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
A Schematic presentation of the endothelin-1 production and functionality. Abbreviations: ETA, endothelin A receptor; ETB, endothelin B receptor; ET-1, endothelin-1; PGI2, prostacyclin; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, ECE-1, endothelin-converting enzyme 1; EDN1, endothelin 1 gene; NO, nitric oxide. B Endothelin-1 involvement into a spectrum of pathophysiological processes and disorders
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
A Schematic presentation of the endothelin-1 production and functionality. Abbreviations: ETA, endothelin A receptor; ETB, endothelin B receptor; ET-1, endothelin-1; PGI2, prostacyclin; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, ECE-1, endothelin-converting enzyme 1; EDN1, endothelin 1 gene; NO, nitric oxide. B Endothelin-1 involvement into a spectrum of pathophysiological processes and disorders
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