Spatiotemporal distribution and insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti in Ghana
- PMID: 35183249
- PMCID: PMC8858493
- DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05179-w
Spatiotemporal distribution and insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti in Ghana
Abstract
Background: Vector control is the main intervention used to control arboviral diseases transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes because there are no effective vaccines or treatments for most of them. Control of Aedes mosquitoes relies heavily on the use of insecticides, the effectiveness of which may be impacted by resistance. In addition, rational insecticide application requires detailed knowledge of vector distribution, dynamics, resting, and feeding behaviours, which are poorly understood for Aedes mosquitoes in Africa. This study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution and insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti across ecological extremes of Ghana.
Methods: Immature mosquitoes were sampled from containers in and around human dwellings at seven study sites in urban, suburban, and rural areas of Ghana. Adult Aedes mosquitoes were sampled indoors and outdoors using Biogents BG-Sentinel 2 mosquito traps, human landing catches, and Prokopack aspiration. Distributions of immature and adult Aedes mosquitoes were determined indoors and outdoors during dry and rainy seasons at all sites. The phenotypic resistance status of Aedes mosquitoes to insecticides was determined using World Health Organization susceptibility bioassays. The host blood meal source was determined by polymerase chain reaction.
Results: A total of 16,711 immature Aedes were sampled, with over 70% found in car tyres. Significantly more breeding containers had Aedes immatures during the rainy season (11,856; 70.95%) compared to the dry season (4855; 29.05%). A total of 1895 adult Aedes mosquitos were collected, including Aedes aegypti (97.8%), Aedes africanus (2.1%) and Aedes luteocephalus (0.1%). Indoor sampling of adult Aedes yielded a total of 381 (20.1%) and outdoor sampling a total of 1514 (79.9%) mosquitoes (z = - 5.427, P = 0.0000) over the entire sampling period. Aedes aegypti populations were resistant to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane at all study sites. Vectors showed suspected resistance to bendiocarb (96-97%), permethrin (90-96%) and deltamethrin (91-96%), and were susceptible to the organophosphate for all study sites. Blood meal analysis showed that the Aedes mosquitoes were mostly anthropophilic, with a human blood index of 0.9 (i.e. humans, 90%; human and dog, 5%; dog and cow, 5%).
Conclusions: Aedes mosquitoes were found at high densities in all ecological zones of Ghana. Resistance of Aedes spp. to pyrethroids and carbamates may limit the efficacy of vector control programmes and thus requires careful monitoring.
Keywords: Aedes aegypti; Ghana; Human blood index; Insecticide resistance; Seasons.
© 2022. The Author(s).
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Figures
![Fig. 1](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/8858493/bin/13071_2022_5179_Fig1_HTML.gif)
![Fig. 2](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/8858493/bin/13071_2022_5179_Fig2_HTML.gif)
![Fig. 3](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/8858493/bin/13071_2022_5179_Fig3_HTML.gif)
![Fig. 4](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/instance/8858493/bin/13071_2022_5179_Fig4_HTML.gif)
Similar articles
-
Risk of Arboviral Transmission and Insecticide Resistance Status of Aedes Mosquitoes during a Yellow Fever Outbreak in Ghana.Res Sq [Preprint]. 2024 Apr 19:rs.3.rs-4271509. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4271509/v1. Res Sq. 2024. PMID: 38699327 Free PMC article. Preprint.
-
Evidence of High Frequencies of Insecticide Resistance Mutations in Aedes aegypti (Culicidae) Mosquitoes in Urban Accra, Ghana: Implications for Insecticide-based Vector Control of Aedes-borne Arboviral Diseases.J Med Entomol. 2022 Nov 16;59(6):2090-2101. doi: 10.1093/jme/tjac120. J Med Entomol. 2022. PMID: 36066455
-
Behavioral responses and life history traits of Taiwanese and Indonesian populations of Aedes aegypti surviving deltamethrin-clothianidin treatment.Parasit Vectors. 2024 Mar 7;17(1):117. doi: 10.1186/s13071-024-06189-6. Parasit Vectors. 2024. PMID: 38454517 Free PMC article.
-
Status of insecticide resistance in the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in India: A review.J Vector Borne Dis. 2023 Apr-Jun;60(2):116-124. doi: 10.4103/0972-9062.361174. J Vector Borne Dis. 2023. PMID: 37417161 Review.
-
Monitoring and Mapping of Insecticide Resistance in Medically Important Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iran (2000-2020): A Review.J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2021 Mar 31;15(1):21-40. doi: 10.18502/jad.v15i1.6484. eCollection 2021 Mar. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2021. PMID: 34277854 Free PMC article. Review.
Cited by
-
First report of V1016I, F1534C and V410L kdr mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance in Aedes aegypti populations from Niamey, Niger.PLoS One. 2024 May 29;19(5):e0304550. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304550. eCollection 2024. PLoS One. 2024. PMID: 38809933 Free PMC article.
-
The role of car tyres in the ecology of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in Ghana.Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis. 2024 Apr 30;5:100176. doi: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2024.100176. eCollection 2024. Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis. 2024. PMID: 38746755 Free PMC article.
-
Risk of Arboviral Transmission and Insecticide Resistance Status of Aedes Mosquitoes during a Yellow Fever Outbreak in Ghana.Res Sq [Preprint]. 2024 Apr 19:rs.3.rs-4271509. doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4271509/v1. Res Sq. 2024. PMID: 38699327 Free PMC article. Preprint.
-
Entomological surveillance on Aedes aegypti during covid 19 period in Cape Coast, Ghana: Risk of arboviral outbreaks, multiple insecticide resistance and distribution of F1534C, V410L and V1016I kdr mutations.PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023 May 31;17(5):e0011397. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011397. eCollection 2023 May. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023. PMID: 37256856 Free PMC article.
-
Insecticide resistance status of Aedes aegypti in southern and northern Ghana.Parasit Vectors. 2023 Apr 18;16(1):135. doi: 10.1186/s13071-023-05752-x. Parasit Vectors. 2023. PMID: 37072865 Free PMC article.
References
MeSH terms
Substances
Grants and funding
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Miscellaneous