Characterizing Arrest and Incarceration in a Prospective Cohort of Transgender Women

doi:10.1089/jchc.21.10.0118

Multicenter Study

. 2023 Feb;29(1):60-70.

doi: 10.1089/jchc.21.10.0118. Epub 2022 Aug 29.

Characterizing Arrest and Incarceration in a Prospective Cohort of Transgender Women

Tonia C Poteat¹, Elizabeth Humes², Keri N Althoff², Erin E Cooney^{3

4}, Asa Radix⁵, Christopher M Cannon⁶, Andrew J Wawrzyniak⁷, Jason S Schneider⁸, Chris Beyrer^{2

4}, Kenneth H Mayer^{9

10}, Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein¹, Sari Reisner^{9

11

12

13}, Andrea L Wirtz^{2

4}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
² Department of Epidemiology and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
³ Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
⁴ Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
⁵ Callen-Lorde Community Health Center, New York, New York, USA.
⁶ Research Department, Whitman-Walker Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
⁷ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
⁸ Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
⁹ The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹¹ Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹² Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹³ Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

PMID: 36037064
PMCID: PMC9931624
DOI: 10.1089/jchc.21.10.0118

Multicenter Study

Characterizing Arrest and Incarceration in a Prospective Cohort of Transgender Women

Tonia C Poteat et al. J Correct Health Care. 2023 Feb.

. 2023 Feb;29(1):60-70.

doi: 10.1089/jchc.21.10.0118. Epub 2022 Aug 29.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
² Department of Epidemiology and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
³ Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
⁴ Center for Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
⁵ Callen-Lorde Community Health Center, New York, New York, USA.
⁶ Research Department, Whitman-Walker Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
⁷ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
⁸ Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
⁹ The Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹⁰ Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹¹ Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹² Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
¹³ Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

PMID: 36037064
PMCID: PMC9931624
DOI: 10.1089/jchc.21.10.0118

Abstract

This study characterized arrest, incarceration, and risk factors for incident incarceration among transgender women (TW) in the northeastern and southern United States. During semiannual study visits over 24 months in a multicenter cohort study, TW completed HIV testing and self-administered surveys. In total, 1571 TW completed baseline survey; 1,312 HIV-negative TW enrolled in the cohort and contributed 2134.3 person-years to the analysis. At baseline, 37% had been arrested and 21% had been incarcerated. Incident incarceration was 23.4 per 1,000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.9-29.9). Sex work was significantly associated with baseline and incident incarceration (p < .01). A history of incarceration at enrollment was the strongest predictor of incident incarceration (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 6.99; 95% CI: 3.43-14.24). Living in the South (aOR 2.69, 95% CI: 1.22-5.93), income below the federal poverty level (aOR 2.65 95% CI: 3.43-14.24), and having a recent partner who had been incarcerated (aOR 2.62, 95% CI: 1.20-5.69) also increased the odds of incident incarceration in multivariable modeling. Structural interventions to reduce poverty and decriminalize sex work have the potential to reduce incarceration rates among TW.

Keywords: arrest; corrections; criminalization; incarceration; transgender women.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors disclose no conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, or publication of this article.

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References

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1. Brewer, R., Ramani, S. L., Khanna, A., Fujimoto, K., Schneider, J. A., Hotton, A., Wilton, L., Escobedo, T., & Harawa, N. T. (2021). A systematic review up to 2018 of HIV and associated factors among criminal justice-involved (CJI) black sexual and gender minority populations in the United States (US). Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 9(4), 1357–1402. 10.1007/s40615-021-01076-7 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Brown, G. R., & Jones, K. T. (2015). Health correlates of criminal justice involvement in 4,793 transgender veterans. LGBT Health, 2(4), 297–305. 10.1089/lgbt.2015.0052 - DOI - PubMed
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). BRFSS adverse childhood experience (ACE) module. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/pdf/BRFSS_Adverse_Module...
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). Adverse childhood experiences reported by adults—Five states, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 59(49), 1609–1613. - PubMed

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[1] Austin, J., Cadora, E., Clear, T. R., Dansky, K., Greene, J., Gupta, V., Mauer, M., Porter, N., Tucker, S., & Young, M. C. (2013). Ending mass incarceration: Charting a new justice reinvestment. Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project.

[2] Austin, J., Cadora, E., Clear, T. R., Dansky, K., Greene, J., Gupta, V., Mauer, M., Porter, N., Tucker, S., & Young, M. C. (2013). Ending mass incarceration: Charting a new justice reinvestment. Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project.

[3] Brewer, R., Ramani, S. L., Khanna, A., Fujimoto, K., Schneider, J. A., Hotton, A., Wilton, L., Escobedo, T., & Harawa, N. T. (2021). A systematic review up to 2018 of HIV and associated factors among criminal justice-involved (CJI) black sexual and gender minority populations in the United States (US). Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 9(4), 1357–1402. 10.1007/s40615-021-01076-7 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[4] Brewer, R., Ramani, S. L., Khanna, A., Fujimoto, K., Schneider, J. A., Hotton, A., Wilton, L., Escobedo, T., & Harawa, N. T. (2021). A systematic review up to 2018 of HIV and associated factors among criminal justice-involved (CJI) black sexual and gender minority populations in the United States (US). Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 9(4), 1357–1402. 10.1007/s40615-021-01076-7 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[5] Brown, G. R., & Jones, K. T. (2015). Health correlates of criminal justice involvement in 4,793 transgender veterans. LGBT Health, 2(4), 297–305. 10.1089/lgbt.2015.0052 - DOI - PubMed

[6] Brown, G. R., & Jones, K. T. (2015). Health correlates of criminal justice involvement in 4,793 transgender veterans. LGBT Health, 2(4), 297–305. 10.1089/lgbt.2015.0052 - DOI - PubMed

[7] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). BRFSS adverse childhood experience (ACE) module. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/pdf/BRFSS_Adverse_Module...

[8] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). BRFSS adverse childhood experience (ACE) module. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/pdf/BRFSS_Adverse_Module...

[9] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). Adverse childhood experiences reported by adults—Five states, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 59(49), 1609–1613. - PubMed

[10] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). Adverse childhood experiences reported by adults—Five states, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 59(49), 1609–1613. - PubMed

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Characterizing Arrest and Incarceration in a Prospective Cohort of Transgender Women

Affiliations

Characterizing Arrest and Incarceration in a Prospective Cohort of Transgender Women

Authors

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Conflict of interest statement

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