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. 2022 Jul 21:21:991-1006.
doi: 10.17179/excli2022-4791. eCollection 2022.

Ameliorative effects of high intensity interval training and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Protect against tetracycline-induced fatty liver in rats: a gene expression profiling comparative study

Hamideh Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini  1 , Hossein Shirvani  2 , Fariba Aghaei  3 , Ehsan Arabzadeh  2 , Martin Hofmeister  4
Affiliations

Ameliorative effects of high intensity interval training and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Protect against tetracycline-induced fatty liver in rats: a gene expression profiling comparative study

Hamideh Mahmoodzadeh Hosseini et al. EXCLI J. .

Abstract

Exercise training and probiotics have been suggested as a treatment for the prevention of chronic liver damage such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Lactobacillus rhamnosus Gorbach - Goldin (LGG) is one of the most widely used probiotic strains that decreases liver damage. Thus, this study aims to consider the ameliorative effects of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and LGG against tetracycline-induced fatty liver in rats. Eighty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 8 groups of (n=10 each group): control, LGG, HIIT, LGG+HIIT, NAFLD, NAFLD+LGG, NAFLD+HIIT, and NAFLD+LGG+HIIT. The rats are treated by intraperitoneal injection with 140 mg/kg-1 tetracycline, an antibiotic previously known to induce steatosis. The exercise training groups performed HIIT 5 days/week for 5 weeks. 107 colony-forming units (cfu) of LGG were gavaged for LGG groups 5 days/week for 5 weeks. Probiotic supplementation in combination with interval training significantly decreased tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) mRNA and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) mRNA in the liver (p<0.05), while the levels of lysosomal acid lipase (LIPA) mRNA was significantly increased compared to NAFLD group. Also, compared with NAFLD group, NAFLD+LGG, NAFLD+HIIT and NAFLD+LGG+HIIT groups showed a significant decrease in hepatic monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Compared to LGG and LGG+HIIT groups, all NAFLD groups showed a significant decrease in apolipoprotein C3 (apoc3) in liver tissue (p<0.05). The results suggested that interval exercise with LGG supplementation minimizes cell destruction and inflammation in liver tissue due to NAFLD by improving gene expression profiles.

Keywords: Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG; exercise training; fatty liver disease; probiotic.

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Figures

Table 1
Table 1. Sequences of oligonucleotides used as primers
Figure 1
Figure 1. A protocol schematic detailing the timeline of all gavage and training visits
Figure 2
Figure 2. Effects of HIIT on hepatic steatosis. Representative images of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E, magnification 20 um). LGG: Probiotic L. rhamnosus GG, HIIT: High intensity interval training, NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Figure 3
Figure 3. Liver tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase 1 (timp1) mRNA expression in different groups of study. All values are the mean ± SD (n = 10 per group). Values with different superscripts are significantly different, p < 0.05. LGG: Probiotic L. rhamnosus GG, HIIT: High intensity interval training, NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Figure 4
Figure 4. Liver tissue inhibitor matrix metalloproteinase 2 (mmp2) mRNA expression in different groups of study. All values are the mean ± SD (n = 10 per group). Values with different superscripts are significantly different, p < 0.05. LGG: Probiotic L. rhamnosus GG, HIIT: High intensity interval training, NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Figure 5
Figure 5. Liver tissue alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) mRNA expression in different groups of study. All values are the mean ± SD (n = 10 per group). Values with different superscripts are significantly different, p < 0.05. LGG: Probiotic L. rhamnosus GG, HIIT: High intensity interval training, NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Figure 6
Figure 6. Liver tissue monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (mcp1) mRNA expression in different groups of study. All values are the mean ± SD (n = 10 per group). Values with different superscripts are significantly different, p < 0.05. LGG: Probiotic L. rhamnosus GG, HIIT: High intensity interval training, NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Figure 7
Figure 7. Liver tissue acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) mRNA expression in different groups of study. All values are the mean ± SD (n = 10 per group). Values with different superscripts are significantly different, p < 0.05. LGG: Probiotic L. rhamnosus GG, HIIT: High intensity interval training, NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Figure 8
Figure 8. Liver tissue Apolipoprotein C (apoc) mRNA expression in different groups of study. All values are the mean ± SD (n = 10 per group). Values with different superscripts are significantly different, p < 0.05. LGG: Probiotic L. Rhamnosus GG, HIIT: High intensity interval training, NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Figure 9
Figure 9. Liver tissue lysosomal acid lipase (LIPA) (a) and patatinlike phospholipase domain containing 3 (pnPla3), (b) mRNA expression in different groups of study. All values are the mean ± SD (n = 10 per group). Values with different superscripts are significantly different, p < 0.05. LGG: Probiotic L. rhamnosus GG, HIIT: High intensity interval training, NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Figure 10
Figure 10. Liver transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) (a) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), (b) mRNA expression in different groups of study. All values are the mean ± SD (n = 10 per group). Values with different superscripts are significantly different, p < 0.05. LGG: Probiotic L. Rhamnosus GG, HIIT: High intensity interval training, NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
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