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Review
. 2023 Feb 9;45(2):1536-1567.
doi: 10.3390/cimb45020099.

Advances in Molecular Regulation of Prostate Cancer Cells by Top Natural Products of Malaysia

Jose M Prieto  1   2 , Mohd Mukrish Mohd Hanafi  1   3
Affiliations
Review

Advances in Molecular Regulation of Prostate Cancer Cells by Top Natural Products of Malaysia

Jose M Prieto et al. Curr Issues Mol Biol. .

Abstract

Prostate cancer (PCa) remains both a global health burden and a scientific challenge. We present a review of the molecular targets driving current drug discovery to fight this disease. Moreover, the preventable nature of most PCa cases represents an opportunity for phytochemicals as chemopreventive when adequately integrated into nutritional interventions. With a renovated interest in natural remedies as a commodity and their essential role in cancer drug discovery, Malaysia is looking towards capitalizing on its mega biodiversity, which includes the oldest rainforest in the world and an estimated 1200 medicinal plants. We here explore whether the list of top Malay plants prioritized by the Malaysian government may fulfill the potential of becoming newer, sustainable sources of prostate cancer chemotherapy. These include Andrographis paniculate, Centella asiatica, Clinacanthus nutans, Eurycoma longifolia, Ficus deltoidea, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Marantodes pumilum (syn. Labisia pumila), Morinda citrifolia, Orthosiphon aristatus, and Phyllanthus niruri. Our review highlights the importance of resistance factors such as Smac/DIABLO in cancer progression, the role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in cancer metastasis, and the regulation of PCa cells by some promising terpenes (andrographolide, Asiatic acid, rosmarinic acid), flavonoids (isovitexin, gossypin, sinensetin), and alkylresorcinols (labisiaquinones) among others.

Keywords: apoptosis; cell invasion; cell migration; cytotoxicity; natural products; prostate cancer.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Chemical structure of andrographolide.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Chemical structure of Asiatic acid, also known as dammarolic acid.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Chemical structure of vitexin (left) and isovitexin (right).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Chemical structure of gossypin.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Chemical structure of cytotoxic alkylresorcinols from M. pumilum. 1-O-methyl-6-acetoxy-5-(pentadec-10Z-enyl)resorcinol (a), labisiaquinone A (b), labisiaquinone B (c), and 1-O-methyl-6-acetoxy-5-pentadecylresorcinol (d).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Chemical structure of cytotoxic saccharide fatty acid esters (a), asperulosidic acid (b), adamnacanthal (c), and escopoletin (d) present in M. citrifolia L.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Chemical structure of rosmarinic acid (a) and sinensetin (b) present in O. aristatus.
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Grants and funding

This work was partially funded by the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Research Fellowship Scheme 2017.

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