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. 2023 Jan 31;13(2):389.
doi: 10.3390/life13020389.

Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory Effects of a Probiotics and Natural Extract-Based Formulation in Bacterial-Induced Prostatitis

Stefania Murzilli  1 , Vincenzo Mirone  2 , Marta Micheletto  3 , Erik Tedesco  3 , Giovanni Di Maira  3 , Federico Benetti  3 , Arianna Vanelli  1
Affiliations

Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory Effects of a Probiotics and Natural Extract-Based Formulation in Bacterial-Induced Prostatitis

Stefania Murzilli et al. Life (Basel). .

Abstract

Among the many factors inducing prostate inflammation, bacterial contribution is potentially underrated according to the scientific community. Bacterial prostatitis is characterized by modifications of the prostatic microenvironment, mainly driven by the immune system. Macrophages play a major role in bacterial prostatitis, secreting a plethora of proinflammatory and chemoattractive cytokines and proteolytic enzymes able to degrade the ECM, so facilitating the invasion of other immune cells. Consequently, macrophages represent a link between bacterial infection and prostate inflammation, as well as being the main target of prostate anti-inflammatory drugs and dietary supplements. This study aims to investigate the effect of a formulation composed of active principles and a probiotic strain with a particular focus on the anti-inflammatory effect in an in vitro bacterial prostatitis model. The results obtained showed that the formulation reduces the inflammatory response of prostatic epithelium induced by bacterial infection. This effect is mediated by the modulation of activated macrophages. Analysis of the cytokines released highlights that the tested formulation is able to reduce the expression of key proinflammatory cytokines involved in the pathogenesis of prostate diseases, in particular prostate cancer, and represents a valuable tool to prevent bacterial prostatitis and ensure favorable prostate health.

Keywords: bacterial prostatitis; bromelain; cytokines; inflammation; probiotics; pumpkin extract.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Proinflammatory effect of two bacterial strains, E. coli and S. aureus, and a bacterial endotoxin (LPS) on the innate immune in vitro system, measured as release of the proinflammatory cy. * p < 0.05.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Cytotoxic effect of pumpkin extract (A), bromelain (B), L. rhamnosus (C), mix (D) and diclofenac (E) on the innate immune system in vitro model.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Cytotoxic effect of pumpkin extract (A), bromelain (B), L. rhamnosus (C), mix (D) and diclofenac (E) on the innate immune system in vitro model.
Figure 3
Figure 3
IL-1β release profile after exposure of inflamed macrophages to the indicated treatments. The results are reported as variation (fold-change) compared to the same treatment in absence on E. coli (negative control) (mean ± standard deviation). * p < 0.05.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Release profile of IL-8, CXCL1, MCP-1, MCP-2 and IL-1β proinflammatory cytokines following prostate epithelium in vitro model exposure to the different macrophagic milieu: non-treated (A), pumpkin extract (B), bromelain (C), L. rhamnosus-conditioned medium (D), mix (E) and diclofenac (F). The results are reported as variation (fold-change) compared to the same treatment with only E. coli (Inflamed) (mean ± standard deviation). * p < 0.05.
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