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Review
. 2023 Jun;9(6):e16813.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16813. Epub 2023 Jun 7.

A comprehensive insight on the challenges for COVID-19 vaccine: A lesson learnt from other viral vaccines

Rahul Soloman Singh  1 , Ashutosh Singh  1 , Gladson David Masih  1 , Gitika Batra  1 , Amit Raj Sharma  1 , Rupa Joshi  1 , Ajay Prakash  1 , Benjamin Suroy  1 , Phulen Sarma  1 , Manisha Prajapat  1 , Hardeep Kaur  1 , Anusuya Bhattacharyya  2 , Sujata Upadhyay  3 , Bikash Medhi  1
Affiliations
Review

A comprehensive insight on the challenges for COVID-19 vaccine: A lesson learnt from other viral vaccines

Rahul Soloman Singh et al. Heliyon. 2023 Jun.

Abstract

The aim of this study is to comprehensively analyze previous viral vaccine programs and identify potential challenges and effective measures for the COVID-19 vaccine program. Previous viral vaccine programs, such as those for HIV, Zika, Influenza, Ebola, Dengue, SARS, and MERS, were evaluated. Paramount challenges were identified, including quasi-species, cross-reactivity, duration of immunity, revaccination, mutation, immunosenescence, and adverse events related to viral vaccines. Although a large population has been vaccinated, mutations in SARS-CoV-2 and adverse events related to vaccines pose significant challenges. Previous vaccine programs have taught us that predicting the final outcome of the current vaccine program for COVID-19 cannot be determined at a given state. Long-term follow-up studies are essential. Validated preclinical studies, long-term follow-up studies, alternative therapeutic approaches, and alternative vaccines are necessary.

Keywords: COVID-19; Delta variant; Dengue; Ebola; HIV; Influenza; MERS; Omicron; SARS; Vaccine; Zika.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Common Challenges faced by different Viral Vaccines programs & COVID-19.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
WHO - EUA approved vaccines.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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