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. 2023 Nov 10;11(11):918.
doi: 10.3390/toxics11110918.

Daphnia magna Multigeneration Exposure to Carbendazim: Gene Transcription Responses

Ana Rita R Silva  1 , Patrícia V Silva  1 , Ana Raquel Soares  2 , M Nazaret González-Alcaraz  3 , Cornelis A M van Gestel  4 , Dick Roelofs  4   5 , Gabriela Moura  2 , Amadeu M V M Soares  1 , Susana Loureiro  1
Affiliations

Daphnia magna Multigeneration Exposure to Carbendazim: Gene Transcription Responses

Ana Rita R Silva et al. Toxics. .

Abstract

The world population is experiencing colossal growth and thus demand for food, leading to an increase in the use of pesticides. Persistent pesticide contamination, such as carbendazim, remains a pressing environmental concern, with potentially long-term impacts on aquatic ecosystems. In the present study, Daphnia magna was exposed to carbendazim (5 µg L-1) for 12 generations, with the aim of assessing gene transcription alterations induced by carbendazim (using a D. magna custom microarray). The results showed that carbendazim caused changes in genes involved in the response to stress, DNA replication/repair, neurotransmission, ATP production, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism at concentrations already found in the environment. These outcomes support the results of previous studies, in which carbendazim induced genotoxic effects and reproduction impairment (increasing the number of aborted eggs with the decreasing number of neonates produced). The exposure of daphnids to carbendazim did not cause a stable change in gene transcription between generations, with more genes being differentially expressed in the F0 generation than in the F12 generation. This could show some possible daphnid acclimation after 12 generations and is aligned with previous multigenerational studies where few ecotoxicological effects at the individual and populational levels and other subcellular level effects (e.g., biochemical biomarkers) were found.

Keywords: aquatic invertebrates; gene transcription; microarrays; multigeneration testing; pesticide; water pollution.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Overview of genes in response to carbendazim in the Daphnia magna multigenerational experiment. Venn diagram showing the overlap of significantly up- and down-regulated genes in both F0 and F12 generations.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Functional category classification of differentially expressed genes of Daphnia magna exposed to 5 µg L−1 carbendazim: (A) F0 generation, up-regulated genes and molecular functions, (B) F0 generation, up-regulated genes and biological processes, (C) F0 generation, down-regulated genes and molecular functions, and (D) F0 generation, down-regulated genes and biological processes. The percentage of affected genes is presented between brackets.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Functional category classification of differentially expressed genes of Daphnia magna exposed to 5 µg L−1 carbendazim: (A) F12 generation, up-regulated genes, and molecular functions, (B) F12 generation, up-regulated genes and biological processes, (C) F12 generation, down-regulated genes and molecular functions, and (D) F12 generation, down-regulated genes and biological processes. The percentage of affected genes is presented between brackets.
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