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. 2023 Nov 13;13(22):3494.
doi: 10.3390/ani13223494.

Effects of Glucose Levels on Inflammation and Amino Acid Utilization in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Han Song  1 , Zhiqi Lu  1 , Kang Zhan  1 , Osmond Datsomor  1 , Xiaoyu Ma  1 , Tianyu Yang  1 , Yuhang Chen  1 , Maocheng Jiang  1 , Guoqi Zhao  1
Affiliations

Effects of Glucose Levels on Inflammation and Amino Acid Utilization in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Han Song et al. Animals (Basel). .

Abstract

Glucose and amino acids are important sources of nutrients in the synthetic milk of dairy cows, and understanding the fate of amino acids is essential to optimize the utilization of amino acids in milk protein synthesis, thereby reducing nutrient inefficiencies during lactation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of LPS and different concentrations of glucose on (1) the expression of inflammatory factors and genes, (2) the glucose metabolism, and (3) amino acid utilization in BMECs. The results showed that there was an interaction (LPS × glucose, p < 0.05) between LPS and glucose content in the inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-6 and TNF-α) and the inflammatory regulatory genes (CXCL2, CXCL8, and CCL5). With the addition of LPS, the HG + LPS group caused downregulated (p < 0.05) expression of IL-6 and TNF-α, compared with the LG + LPS group. Interestingly, compared with the LG + LPS group, the HG + LPS group upregulated (p < 0.05) the expression of CXCL2, CXCL8, and CCL5. LPS supplementation increased (p = 0.056) the consumption of glucose and GLUT1 gene expression (p < 0.05) and tended to increase (p = 0.084) the LDHA gene expression of BMECs under conditions of different concentrations of glucose culture. High glucose content increased (p < 0.001) the consumption of glucose and enhanced (p < 0.05) the GLUT1, HK1, HK2, and LDHA gene expression of BMECs with or without LPS incubation, and there was an interaction (LPS × glucose, p < 0.05) between LPS and glucose concentrations in GLUT1 gene expression. In this study, LPS enhanced (p < 0.05) the consumption of amino acids such as tryptophan, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, valine, histidine, and glutamate, while high levels of glucose decreased (p < 0.01) consumption, except in the case of tyrosine. For histidine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine consumption, there was an interaction (LPS × glucose, p < 0.05) between LPS and glucose levels. Overall, these findings suggest that relatively high glucose concentrations may lessen the LPS-induced BMEC inflammatory response and reduce amino acid consumption, while low glucose concentrations may increase the demand for most amino acids through proinflammatory responses.

Keywords: amino acids; dairy cow; glucose; inflammation; mammary epithelial cells.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effects of glucose concentrations on inflammation regulation and inflammatory cytokine gene expression of LPS-induced BMECs. BMECs were treated with 4 μg/mL LPS and different concentrations of glucose (2.5 and 17.5 mM). After incubation, the cells were collected for qRT-PCR. (A) IL-1β, (B) IL-6, (C) TNF-α, (D) CXCL2, (E) CXCL6, (F) CXCL8, and (G) CCL5. LG, low-glucose (2.5 mM) DMEM; LG + LPS, low-glucose (2.5 mM) DMEM with 4 μg/mL LPS; HG, high-glucose (17.5 mM) DMEM; HG + LPS, high-glucose (17.5 mM) DMEM with 4 μg/mL LPS; A, LPS addition; B, glucose content; A × B, interaction between LPS and glucose content. Different lowercase letters (a–d) in the bar chart indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effects of glucose concentrations on glucose metabolism gene expression and glucose consumption of LPS-induced BMECs. BMECs were treated with 4 μg/mL LPS and different concentrations of glucose (2.5 and 17.5 mM). After incubation, the cells were collected for qRT-PCR and the supernatant was collected to determine the content of glucose. (A) GLUT1, (B) GLUT8, (C) HK1, (D) HK2, (E) LDHA, and (F) glucose consumption. LG, low-glucose (2.5 mM) DMEM; LG + LPS, low-glucose (2.5 mM) DMEM with 4 μg/mL LPS; HG, high-glucose (17.5 mM) DMEM; HG + LPS, high-glucose (17.5 mM) DMEM with 4 μg/mL LPS; A, LPS addition; B, glucose content; A × B, interaction between LPS and glucose content. Different lowercase letters (a–c) in the bar chart indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).
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