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. 2023 Nov 28;12(23):4292.
doi: 10.3390/foods12234292.

Comparison of Biological Activities and Protective Effects on PAH-Induced Oxidative Damage of Different Coffee Cherry Pulp Extracts

Weeraya Preedalikit  1   2 , Chuda Chittasupho  3 , Pimporn Leelapornpisid  4 , Siriporn Potprommanee  4 , Kanokwan Kiattisin  3
Affiliations

Comparison of Biological Activities and Protective Effects on PAH-Induced Oxidative Damage of Different Coffee Cherry Pulp Extracts

Weeraya Preedalikit et al. Foods. .

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the main toxic components of ambient air particulate matter (PM), causing oxidative damage to the skin and ultimately resulting in skin aging. This study was conducted to determine the anti-oxidant, anti-aging properties and protective effects of the extracts of coffee cherry pulp (Coffea arabica L.), which is a by-product of the coffee industry, against the oxidative damage induced by PAH exposure in human epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT). Three different techniques were used to extract the coffee cherry pulp: maceration, Soxhlet and ultrasonication to obtain CCM, CCS and CCU extract, respectively, which were then compared to investigate the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). The chemical compositions were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results demonstrated that Soxhlet could extract the highest content of chlorogenic acid, caffeine and theophylline. CCS showed the significantly highest TPC (324.6 ± 1.2 mg GAE/g extract), TFC (296.8 ± 1.2 mg QE/g extract), anti-radical activity against DPPH free radicals (98.2 ± 0.8 µM Trolox/g extract) and lipid peroxidation inhibition (136.6 ± 6.2 µM Trolox/g extract). CCS also showed the strongest anti-aging effects based on collagenase, elastase, hyaluronidase and tyrosinase inhibitory enzymes. In addition, CCS can protect human keratinocyte cells from PAH toxicity by increasing the cellular anti-oxidant capacity. This study suggests that CCS has the potential to be used as a cosmetic material that helps alleviate skin damage caused by air pollution.

Keywords: Soxhlet extraction; air pollution; anti-aging; antioxidative compounds; coffee cherry pulp; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) Calibration curve of gallic acid; (b) calibration curve of quercetin.
Figure 2
Figure 2
HPLC chromatograms of the coffee cherry pulp extracts: (a) CCM, (b) CCS, and (c) CCU at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL and standard substances of (d) theophylline, (e) chlorogenic acid, and (f) caffeine at a concentration of 120 µg/mL were detected at 280 nm using C18 reversed phase column. The analysis was performed using the isocratic mixture of acetonitrile and 1% v/v acetic acid (15:85) with a flow rate of 1 mL/min for 20 min.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effects of coffee cherry pulp extracts on the viability of HaCaT cells using the MTT assay; the bars represent the percent cell viability of HaCaT cells treated with different concentrations of the coffee cherry pulp extracts (100–1000 µg/mL) for 24 h. Data are shown as mean ± S.D. (n = 3). Asterisk (*) presents significant differences compared with the untreated cells (0 µg/mL) at p < 0.05.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effects of PAH on the viability of HaCaT cells using the MTT assay; the bars represent the percent cell viability of HaCaT cells (a) treated with different concentrations of the PAH (25–200 µg/mL) and the extracts; (b) CCM, (c) CCS and (d) CCU in different concentrations (100–500 µg/mL) were exposed to 100 µg/mL of PAH for 24 h. Data are shown as mean ± S.D. (n = 3). Tukey’s HSD test was performed to compare all group means to each other. Groups that share the same letters (a–c) do not exhibit significant differences at p < 0.05.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Percentage of relative intracellular ROS fluorescence intensity of coffee cherry pulp extracts at different concentrations of 100–500 μg/mL. The # p < 0.05 was significant compared with untreated cells (0 µg/mL). The * p < 0.05 was significant compared with the PAH-only control.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Histograms of the HaCaT cell counts versus fluorescence intensity are shown with a mark to define fluorescing cells of CCS at different concentrations of 100–500 μg/mL.
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