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. 2023 Dec 29;6(2):402-405.
doi: 10.1039/d3na00841j. eCollection 2024 Jan 16.

Tuning of TRAIL clustering on the surface of nanoscale liposomes by phase separation

Zhenjiang Zhang  1 , Michael R King  1
Affiliations

Tuning of TRAIL clustering on the surface of nanoscale liposomes by phase separation

Zhenjiang Zhang et al. Nanoscale Adv. .

Abstract

Phase-separated liposomes were used to formulate tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a protein that selectively kills cancer cells while sparing most healthy ones. By controlling the average number of TRAIL molecules per liposome, we demonstrate the ability to tune the formation of TRAIL clusters and their resulting apoptotic activity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. Preparation and characterization of GUVs and liposomes. (A) Typical confocal microscopy images of GUVs showing separation of phases (green = DSPC, red = DOPC) to different extent. Scale bars = 10 μm. (B) Size distribution of naked liposomes and liposomes conjugated with varying numbers of TRAIL molecules.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. Apoptotic activity of TRAIL liposomes. (A) Representative flow cytometry plots of PC3 cells after treatment with TRAIL liposomes. Cell viability of PC3 cells and DU145 cells (B). Incubation concentrations of TRAIL liposomes are 100 ng mL−1 TRAIL for the treatment of PC3 and 250 ng mL−1 TRAIL for DU145 cells. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. Apoptotic activity of the TRAIL liposomes to Jurkat cells. (A) Cell viability of Jurkat cells. TRAIL concentration was 50 ng mL−1 *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001. (B) Confocal microscopy images showing the binding of TRAIL liposomes to the membrane of Jurkat cells and their internalization at 1 h after incubation. TRAIL concentration was 10 μg mL−1.
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