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. 2024 Jan 23;16(3):331.
doi: 10.3390/nu16030331.

Sampling Procedures for Estimating the Infant Intake of Human Milk Leptin, Adiponectin, Insulin, Glucose, and Total Lipid

Majed A Suwaydi  1   2   3   4 , Ching Tat Lai  1   3   4 , Zoya Gridneva  1   3   4 , Sharon L Perrella  1   3   4 , Mary E Wlodek  1   5 , Donna T Geddes  1   3   4
Affiliations

Sampling Procedures for Estimating the Infant Intake of Human Milk Leptin, Adiponectin, Insulin, Glucose, and Total Lipid

Majed A Suwaydi et al. Nutrients. .

Abstract

Limited attention is given to the efficacy of protocols for the estimation of infant intake of milk components when investigating their impact on infant outcomes. We compared the actual measured intake of human milk components with estimations derived from 15 protocols to determine the most reliable approach for estimating intake of HM leptin, adiponectin, insulin, glucose, and total lipid. Twenty mothers who were 3-5 months postpartum completed a 24 h milk profile study with pre-/post-feed milk samples collection. The true infant intake (control group) based on 24 h milk intake (MI) was compared to estimated infant intakes using concentrations from five sampling protocols that were multiplied by one of true infant MI, considered mean MI (800 mL), or global mean MI (766 mL). The mean measured concentrations of six samples (three sets of pre- and post-feed samples, from morning (06:00-09:00), afternoon (13:00-16:00), and evening (19:00-22:00)) multiplied by the true infant MI, mean considered MI, and global mean MI produced the most accurate estimates of infant intake of these components. Therefore, in the absence of 24 h measurements and sampling, a sampling protocol comprising three sets of pre-/post-feed samples provides the most reliable infant intake estimates of HM leptin, adiponectin, insulin, glucose, and total lipid.

Keywords: adipokine; adiponectin; breastfeeding; hormones; human milk; infant intake; insulin; lactation; leptin; lipids.

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Conflict of interest statement

D.T.G. declares past participation in the Scientific Advisory Board of Medela AG. M.A.S. receives a postgraduate scholarship from Jazan University. D.T.G., C.T.L., Z.G. and S.L.P. receive salary from an unrestricted research grant paid by Medela AG and administered by The University of Western Australia. M.E.W. declares no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
True infant 24 h intakes of human milk leptin (a), adiponectin (b), insulin (c), glucose (d), and total lipid (e). The intake of each component was calculated using 24 h milk profile data and samples. Mean (–) and standard deviation (--) are indicated.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Mean difference with 95% confidence intervals of infant estimated intakes (2B–4F; see Table 1) compared to true intake (protocol 1A) of leptin (a), adiponectin (b), insulin (c), glucose (d), and total lipid (e). Dark grey indicates significant differences (p < 0.05) and light grey indicates no differences when compared to protocol 1A.
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