Trained Innate Immunity in Animal Models of Cardiovascular Diseases
- PMID: 38396989
- PMCID: PMC10889825
- DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042312
Trained Innate Immunity in Animal Models of Cardiovascular Diseases
Abstract
Acquisition of immunological memory is an important evolutionary strategy that evolved to protect the host from repetitive challenges from infectious agents. It was believed for a long time that memory formation exclusively occurs in the adaptive part of the immune system with the formation of highly specific memory T cells and B cells. In the past 10-15 years, it has become clear that innate immune cells, such as monocytes, natural killer cells, or neutrophil granulocytes, also have the ability to generate some kind of memory. After the exposure of innate immune cells to certain stimuli, these cells develop an enhanced secondary response with increased cytokine secretion even after an encounter with an unrelated stimulus. This phenomenon has been termed trained innate immunity (TI) and is associated with epigenetic modifications (histone methylation, acetylation) and metabolic alterations (elevated glycolysis, lactate production). TI has been observed in tissue-resident or circulating immune cells but also in bone marrow progenitors. Risk-factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) which are associated with low-grade inflammation, such as hyperglycemia, obesity, or high salt, can also induce TI with a profound impact on the development and progression of CVDs. In this review, we briefly describe basic mechanisms of TI and summarize animal studies which specifically focus on TI in the context of CVDs.
Keywords: animal models; bone marrow; cardiovascular diseases; monocytes; trained innate immunity.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors (P.K., LM.I., M.G., U.F., and S.T.) declare no conflicts of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
Figures
Similar articles
-
The causes and consequences of trained immunity in myeloid cells.Front Immunol. 2024 Apr 11;15:1365127. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1365127. eCollection 2024. Front Immunol. 2024. PMID: 38665915 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Innate immune memory in cardiometabolic disease.Cardiovasc Res. 2024 Feb 17;119(18):2774-2786. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvad030. Cardiovasc Res. 2024. PMID: 36795085 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Trained immunity - basic concepts and contributions to immunopathology.Nat Rev Nephrol. 2023 Jan;19(1):23-37. doi: 10.1038/s41581-022-00633-5. Epub 2022 Oct 17. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2023. PMID: 36253509 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Trained Immunity and Reactivity of Macrophages and Endothelial Cells.Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2021 Mar;41(3):1032-1046. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.120.315452. Epub 2020 Dec 31. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2021. PMID: 33380171 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Trained immunity: A smart way to enhance innate immune defence.Mol Immunol. 2015 Nov;68(1):40-4. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.06.019. Mol Immunol. 2015. PMID: 26597205 Review.
References
Publication types
MeSH terms
Grants and funding
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Miscellaneous