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. 2024 Feb 29:2024:9916598.
doi: 10.1155/2024/9916598. eCollection 2024.

Cardiovascular Protective Effect of Garcinia dulcis Flower Acetone Extract in 2-Kidney-1-Clip Hypertensive Rats

Nattaya Thongsepee  1   2 , Pongsakorn Martviset  1   2 , Wanwisa Himakhun  3 , Pathanin Chantree  1   2 , Phornphan Sornchuer  1   2 , Kant Sangpairoj  1   2 , Siriphun Hiranyachattada  4
Affiliations

Cardiovascular Protective Effect of Garcinia dulcis Flower Acetone Extract in 2-Kidney-1-Clip Hypertensive Rats

Nattaya Thongsepee et al. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci. .

Abstract

Morelloflavone and camboginol are bioactive compounds purified from Garcinia dulcis (GD), which has anti-inflammatory and antihypertensive properties. The objective of this study was to examine the cardiovascular protective effect of GD flower acetone extract in 2-kidney-1-clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats. Male Wistar rats underwent 2K1C or sham operation (SO) and were housed for 4 weeks. Each group of rats, then, was further divided into 2 subgroups receiving oral administration of either 50 mg/kg BW GD extract or corn oil (vehicle) daily for 4 weeks. Noninvasive blood pressure (BP) and body weight were measured weekly throughout the study. Subsequently, the invasive measurement of arterial BP and the heart rate were determined in all anesthetized rats. The baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS) was investigated by injection of either phenylephrine or sodium nitroprusside for bradycardia or tachycardia response, respectively. Histological examination of the heart and thoracic aorta was also performed in order to investigate the general morphology and the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) expression. We found that the GD flower extract significantly diminished the BP and restored the impaired BRS. Moreover, it also decreased the TNF-α expression in the cardiac muscle and thoracic aorta of 2K1C when compared to the SO group. Taken together, our data showed that GD flower extract exhibits the cardiovascular protective effect in the 2K1C hypertensive rats.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Experimental design of the study. SO, sham operation; 2K1C, 2-kidney-1-clip; GD, Garcinia dulcis; BP, blood pressure; HR, heart rate; H&E, hematoxylin and eosin; IHC, immunohistochemistry; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Comparison of high-performance liquid chromatography profile at 280 nm of morelloflavone in the standard (a) and Garcinia dulcis (GD) flower extract (c) and at 240 nm of camboginol in the standard (b) and GD flower extract (d).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Systolic blood pressure (SBP) from noninvasive BP tail-cuff measurement of the sham-operative (SO) and 2-kidney-1-clip (2K1C) groups before (a) and 4 weeks after inductive surgery ((b) n = 12/group) and after treatment of Garcinia dulcis (GD) flower extract daily for 4 weeks ((c) n = 6/group). Data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. ∗∗∗p < 0.001 and ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001 compared with either SO or 2K1C.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Tracing examples of arterial blood pressure (red line) and heart rate (HR, blue line) from direct measurement in either anesthetized sham operation (SO, (a, b)) or 2-kidney-1-clip (2K1C, (c, d)) rat, mean arterial pressure (MAP, (e)), and HR (f) after oral administration of 50 mg/kg BW Garcinia dulcis (GD) flower extract daily for 4 weeks. Data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. ∗p < 0.05 and ∗∗∗p < 0.001 compared with either SO or 2K1C.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Tracing examples of arterial blood pressure (red line) and heart rate (blue line) from direct measurement in either anesthetized sham operation (SO, (a, b)) or 2-kidney-1-clip (2K1C, (c, d)) rat in response to 8 mg/kg BW of phenylephrine (PE), and baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS, (e) data were converted to positive values) after oral administration of 50 mg/kg BW Garcinia dulcis (GD) flower extract daily for 4 weeks. Data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. ∗p < 0.05 and ∗∗p < 0.01 compared with either SO or 2K1C. The green arrow indicates a bradycardia response.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Tracing examples of arterial blood pressure (red line) and heart rate (blue line) from direct measurement in either anesthetized sham operation (SO, (a, b)) or 2-kidney-1-clip (2K1C, (c, d)) rat in response to 8 mg/kg BW of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), and baroreceptor reflex sensitivity (BRS, (e) data were conversed to positive values) after oral administration of 50 mg/kg BW Garcinia dulcis (GD) flower extract daily for 4 weeks. Data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. The green arrow indicates a tachycardia response.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of the cardiac muscle of either sham operation (SO, (a, b)) or 2-kidney-1-clip (2K1C, (c, d)) rat and cardiac mass (e) after oral administration of 50 mg/kg BW Garcinia dulcis (GD) flower extract daily for 4 weeks. Slightly hypertrophic change in myocyte (black arrow) and chronic inflammatory cell infiltration (star) were indicated. Magnification power 400x. Data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. ∗p < 0.05 compared with SO.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining of the thoracic aorta in either sham operation (SO, (a, b)) or 2-kidney-1-clip (2K1C, (c, d)) rat, and vascular wall thickness (e) after oral administration of 50 mg/kg BW Garcinia dulcis (GD) flower extract daily for 4 weeks. Tunica media thickening with derangement of elastic lamina (black arrow) and slightly increased tunica media thickness (white arrow) were indicated. Magnification power 400x. Data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. ∗∗∗∗p < 0.0001 compared with SO.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Immunohistochemistry for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α, brown color) in the cardiac muscle of either sham operation (SO, (a, b)) or 2-kidney-1-clip (2K1C, (c, d)) rat, negative control (e), and TNF-α positive area (f) after oral administration of 50 mg/kg BW Garcinia dulcis (GD) flower extract daily for 4 weeks. Data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. ∗p < 0.05 compared with either SO or 2K1C.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Immunohistochemical study for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α, brown color) in the thoracic aorta of either sham operation (SO, (a, b)) or 2-kidney-1-clip (2K1C, (c, d)) rat, negative control (e), and TNF-α positive area (f) after oral administration of 50 mg/kg BW Garcinia dulcis (GD) flower extract daily for 4 weeks. Data are expressed as mean ± S.E.M. ∗∗p < 0.01 compared with either SO or 2K1C.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Synopsis of the cardiovascular protective mechanisms of Garcinia dulcis flower extract in the 2-kidney-1-clip hypertensive (2K1C) model. BRS, baroreceptor reflex sensitivity; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.
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