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Review
. 2024 Apr 17;10(9):e29769.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29769. eCollection 2024 May 15.

The critical impacts of cytokine storms in respiratory disorders

Shahana Riyaz Tramboo  1 , Ahmed M E Elkhalifa  2   3 , Syed Quibtiya  4 , Sofi Imtiyaz Ali  1 , Naveed Nazir Shah  5 , Syed Taifa  1 , Rabia Rakhshan  6 , Iqra Hussain Shah  1 , Muzafar Ahmad Mir  1 , Masood Malik  1 , Zahid Ramzan  1 , Nusrat Bashir  1 , Shubeena Ahad  1 , Ibraq Khursheed  7 , Elsharif A Bazie  8 , Elsadig Mohamed Ahmed  9   10 , Abozer Y Elderdery  11 , Fawaz O Alenazy  11 , Awadh Alanazi  11 , Badr Alzahrani  11 , Muharib Alruwaili  11 , Emad Manni  11 , Sanaa E Hussein  11 , Ezeldine K Abdalhabib  11 , Showkat Ul Nabi  1
Affiliations
Review

The critical impacts of cytokine storms in respiratory disorders

Shahana Riyaz Tramboo et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

Cytokine storm (CS) refers to the spontaneous dysregulated and hyper-activated inflammatory reaction occurring in various clinical conditions, ranging from microbial infection to end-stage organ failure. Recently the novel coronavirus involved in COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) has been associated with the pathological phenomenon of CS in critically ill patients. Furthermore, critically ill patients suffering from CS are likely to have a grave prognosis and a higher case fatality rate. Pathologically CS is manifested as hyper-immune activation and is clinically manifested as multiple organ failure. An in-depth understanding of the etiology of CS will enable the discovery of not just disease risk factors of CS but also therapeutic approaches to modulate the immune response and improve outcomes in patients with respiratory diseases having CS in the pathogenic pathway. Owing to the grave consequences of CS in various diseases, this phenomenon has attracted the attention of researchers and clinicians throughout the globe. So in the present manuscript, we have attempted to discuss CS and its ramifications in COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases, as well as prospective treatment approaches and biomarkers of the cytokine storm. Furthermore, we have attempted to provide in-depth insight into CS from both a prophylactic and therapeutic point of view. In addition, we have included recent findings of CS in respiratory diseases reported from different parts of the world, which are based on expert opinion, clinical case-control research, experimental research, and a case-controlled cohort approach.

Keywords: Biomarkers, and immune response; Cytokine storm; Respiratory diseases; SARS-CoV-2.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Clinical manifestation of cytokine storm, cytokine storm involves multiple organ failure mediated by hyper-activation of inflammatory pathways. The wide range of clinical abnormalities observed in CS varies from patient to patient based on the severity of the disease.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Various sub-cellular pathways involved in CS, these pathways are involved in the promotion of hyper-transcription of inflammatory, pro-inflammatory, and other mediators that fuel the CS.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Potential triggers of CS, positive and negative regulators involved in the pathogenesis of CS, and description of effective blockers to ameliorate the progression of CS.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Therapeutic options available for the treatment of cytokine storm in respiratory disease with a special focus on targeting potential hotspots involved in the progression of CS.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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