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. 2024 Jul 4;14(1):15368.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-66329-x.

Effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on the microorganisms of expressed prostatic secretion in patients with IIIB prostatitis

Wei-Jie Song  1   2 , Ji-Wei Huang  1   2 , Yuan Liu  1   2 , Jie Wang  1   2 , Wei Ding  1   2 , Bin-Long Chen  1   2 , Dong-Yi Peng  1   2 , Zhi Long  1   2 , Le-Ye He  3   4
Affiliations

Effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on the microorganisms of expressed prostatic secretion in patients with IIIB prostatitis

Wei-Jie Song et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

To detect and analyze the changes of microorganisms in expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) of patients with IIIB prostatitis before and after low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) treatment, and to explore the mechanism of LIPUS in the treatment of chronic prostatitis (CP). 25 patients (study power was estimated using a Dirichlet-multinomial approach and reached 96.5% at α = 0.05 using a sample size of 25) with IIIB prostatitis who were effective in LIPUS treatment were divided into two groups before and after LIPUS treatment. High throughput second-generation sequencing technique was used to detect and analyze the relative abundance of bacterial 16 s ribosomal variable regions in EPS before and after treatment. The data were analyzed by bioinformatics software and database, and differences with P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Beta diversity analysis showed that there was a significant difference between groups (P = 0.046). LEfSe detected four kinds of characteristic microorganisms in the EPS of patients with IIIB prostatitis before and after LIPUS treatment. After multiple comparisons among groups by DESeq2 method, six different microorganisms were found. LIPUS may improve patients' clinical symptoms by changing the flora structure of EPS, stabilizing and affecting resident bacteria or opportunistic pathogens.

Keywords: Expressed prostatic secretion; High throughput; IIIB prostatitis; Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound; Microorganism; Second-generation sequencing.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(A) Wayne diagram based on OUT. Show the common or unique number of OTU between different groups. Each ellipse represents a group, Before: before LIPUS treatment group; After: after LIPUS treatment group; (B) PLS-DA coordinate map. Each point represents a sample, the points of the same color belong to the same group, and the points of the same group are marked with an ellipse; (C) the relative distribution of each group at the genus level (the species in the top 20 of relative abundance). The illustration shows the 20 most dominant species at the genus level, and the remaining species with relatively low abundance are classified as other shown in the figure.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) A heat map of the genus level. Longitudinally is the sample name information. Horizontal is the annotation name of the genus horizontal classification. The clustering tree at the top of the figure is the similarity clustering of species abundance distribution in all samples. The clustering tree on the left is the similarity clustering of species abundance distribution of samples. The middle heat map is log10 (absolute abundance) heat map; (B) phylogenetic tree and inter-group abundance distribution heat map. On the left is the evolution tree. The branches of different colors represent different gates, each branch at the end represents an OTU, and the end notes the genus classification to which the corresponding OTU belongs. If there is no corresponding genus classification, it is expressed by unclassied genus, the heat map on the right is the standardized abundance, and the higher the value, the higher the relative abundance. Abundance standardization: the absolute abundance of each sample minus the average of the absolute abundance of the species is divided by the standard deviation so that the average abundance after standardization is 0 and the standard deviation is 1.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(A) box diagram of Chao index; (B) box diagram of Faith's phylogenetic diversity; (C) box diagram of Simpson index; (D) box diagram of observed features; (E) box diagram of Shannon index; (F) dilution curve of Alpha diversity index. The X axis extracts the sequence sequencing quantity in the graph, and the Y axis represents the corresponding Alpha diversity index. Each color represents a sample.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(A) NMDS analysis diagram based on Bray Curtis distance. PCoA is based on the distance matrix to find the principal coordinates, and the combination of principal coordinates with the greatest contribution is shown. The closer the distance of the sample is, the more similar the species composition and structure of the sample is; (B) 2D map of PCoA analysis based on Bray Curtis distance; (C) 3D map of PCoA analysis based on Bray Curtis distance.
Figure 5
Figure 5
(A) DESeq2 analysis of volcano map; (B) LEfSe analysis cladogram diagram (LDA > 2). From inside to outside, cladogram diagrams correspond to different classification levels of families and genera, and the connections between levels represent the relationship of belonging. Each circle node represents a species. The yellow node signifies no significant difference between groups, and not yellow means that the species is the characteristic microorganism of the corresponding color group (the abundance is significantly higher in this group). The colored fan-shaped areas are marked with the sub-classification range of characteristic microorganisms.
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