The association between leptin and depressive symptoms is modulated by abdominal adiposity

Leptin and ghrelin are two hormones associated with multiple physiological functions, especially energy balance. Leptin is an adipocyte-secreted hormone discovered in 1950 and ghrelin which was found in 1999, is a peptide hormone produced and secreted in the stomach. A number of previous studies showed that these hormones could be associated with different types of mood disorders. The results of previous studies, nevertheless, are confounded by diverse sample selection and different methodologies. A search for related articles in the PubMed database was attempted. The search covered studies, reports, reviews and editorials published in the last ten years. Older references served as auxiliary sources for comparison purposes. However, due to the different results of the studies, there is a need for more investigation in order to establish the exact biochemical mechanisms that are responsible for these diseases and ghrelin's and leptin's effects on mood. Core tip: Mood disorders are affecting a major amount of the world population. Considering the multiple factors that are contributing in the development of mood disorders, this review emphasizes on the role of leptin and ghrelin hormones. These two hormones have a key role in energy balance but they also have an effect on other physiological functions too, therefore we emphasize on the recent findings which raise a potential link between the hormones and the disorders of mood.

O transtorno de compulsão alimentar periódica (TCAP) é um distúrbio psiquiátrico com alta morbidade, associado à obesidade e ao alto risco cardiovascular. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar alterações antropométricas e/ou metabólicas em obesos com TCAP e compará-las àqueles sem TCAP. Estudo transversal realizado no ambulatório do Napta/ UERJ, envolvendo 39 adultos obesos, sem doenças malignas ou consumptivas e medicamentos que interferissem nos resultados, sendo 22 com e 17 sem TCAP. As variáveis coletadas foram peso, estatura, perímetro da cintura, pressão arterial; e foram analisadas glicemia, perfil lipídico, dosagem de leptina, adiponectina e insulina, sendo calculado o Índice HOMA IR. Os dados foram expressos como média (desvio-padrão), sendo utilizados os testes: Qui-quadrado e t-Student. O valor de significância foi 5%. Amostra composta por 82% de mulheres, com elevada prevalência de hipertensão arterial, resistência insulínica e sedentarismo, sem diferenças entre os grupos com ou sem TCAP. Todos apresentaram o perímetro da cintura acima da recomendação, mais de 60% apresentaram HDL-colesterol baixo e um terço, triglicerídeos elevados. Não houve diferença dos níveis de adiponectina nem de leptina entre obesos com ou sem TCAP, apesar de os valores estarem fora dos limites normais. Obesos, independentemente do diagnóstico de TCAP, têm elevado risco cardiovascular com alta prevalência de hipertensão arterial, dislipidemia, circunferência de cintura alterada e sedentarismo. Além disso, apresentam inflamação crônica de baixo grau com baixos níveis de adiponectina e altos de leptina. Entretanto, apesar de estas afirmativas terem sido confirmadas, não foram identificadas diferenças significativas entre obesos com o transtorno alimentar.Descritores: Obesidade; Adulto; Doenças cardiovasculares. Abstract Anthropometric and metabolic characteristic in obese patient with eating binge disorderThe binge eating disorder (BED), is a psychiatric disturb with great morbidity, is associated with obesity and increased risk of the cardiovascular diseases. As few studies were published in BED, the objective of this research was to identify anthropometric and metabolic in this group and compare with no BED obesity. A cross-sectional study was performed in the ambulatory of Napta/UERJ with 39 obese adults (BMI ≥ 30 kg/ m2) with no malignancy, consumptive disease nor taking any medicine that could interfere with the results were evaluated. waist circumference, blood pressure, glycemic, leptin, adiponectin, insulin level and lipidogram were assessed. IR HOMA identified insulin resistance. The data were expressed as mean (standard deviation). Chi-square and t-Student tests were performed. The significance level was of 5%. Sample composed of 82% women, with a high prevalence of hypertension, insulin resistance and sedentary lifestyle, with no differences between the groups with or without BED. All the participants presented the waist measurement above the recommendation; more than 60% had low HDL cholesterol and a third of th...

Pooling biospecimens prior to performing laboratory assays is a useful tool to reduce costs, achieve minimum volume requirements, and mitigate assay measurement error. When estimating the risk of a continuous, pooled exposure on a binary outcome, specialized statistical techniques are required. Current methods include a regression calibration approach, where the expectation of the individual-level exposure is calculated by adjusting the observed pooled measurement with additional covariate data. While this method employs a linear regression calibration model, we propose an alternative model that can accommodate log-linear relationships between the exposure and predictive covariates. The proposed model permits direct estimation of the relative risk associated with a log-transformation of an exposure measured in pools.