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Traditional vaccines, derived from live attenuated or inactivated organisms, often induce antibody-based immunity but can be reactogenic. Adjuvants, designed to enhance vaccine efficacy, target bacterial components, leveraging the immune system's infection recognition. Incorporating these elements into vaccines elicits a robust, prolonged immune response, improving protection. Key components, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and muramyl dipeptides (MDP), play vital roles. LPS, comprising polysaccharide and lipid A, activates Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4), guiding dendritic cells toward Th1 immunity. Hydrolysis of lipid A to Monophosphoryl Lipid A (MPL) retains adjuvant activity with reduced toxicity. Meanwhile, MDP stimulates immune responses, influencing cytokines, Th2, and cytotoxicity. These adjuvants crucially modulate immune responses, enhancing vaccine efficacy.
The bacterial adjuvant product series from Creative Biogene encompasses lipopolysaccharides and monophosphoryl lipid A extracted from various bacterial sources, including Escherichia coli and Salmonella genus. These products find extensive applications in the fields of immunology, infection research, and vaccine development, furnishing researchers with potent tools to investigate the host immune system's response mechanisms to diverse pathogens.
Key Features of Our Bacteria-Derived Adjuvant
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) activate Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4), inducing immune cells to produce inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β). This activates dendritic cells (DCs) to present antigens, initiating a specific immune response and promoting Th1-type immune stimulation, leading to IFN-γ and IL-12 production. This enhances cellular immunity, especially CD8+ cell-mediated cytotoxicity. LPS also contributes to persistent immune memory, elevating resistance to infections. These mechanisms make LPS an effective vaccine adjuvant, improving immunogenicity against diverse pathogens. Additionally, LPS interaction with TLR4 and DC activation plays a crucial role in shaping adaptive immune responses, inducing robust Th1-type stimulation for specific immune reactions. The resulting cytokine production enhances cellular immunity, activating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) involved in CD8+ cytotoxicity. Creative Biogene's bacterial-derived adjuvants find application in the following scenarios:
Case Study 1
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), constituents of the outer surface membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, elicit innate immune responses by activating Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). The researchers endeavored to harness Bacteria-Derived Adjuvants, notably monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), to augment innate immunity. MPLA, derived from controlled LPS hydrolysis in Salmonella minnesota, exhibits minimal toxicity and robust immunostimulatory effects via TLR4 activation. Through tailored synthetic techniques, including methyl glycoside incorporation at MPLA's anomeric center, a derivative (compound 2) with promising adjuvant properties was identified. This underscores the significance of comprehending MPLA's structural determinants and accentuates compound 2's potential for further adjuvant refinement.
Figure 1. TNF-α production by murine macrophages in response to various stimuli, including E. coli LPS, E. coli lipid A, MPLA, and synthetic compounds 1 and 2, was assessed by the researchers. TNF-α levels in cell supernatants were measured using ELISA, and it was confirmed that these stimuli did not affect cell viability. (Maiti KK, et al., 2010)
Case Study 2
Various toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have demonstrated promise as vaccine adjuvants across human and livestock species, including chickens. In this study, the researchers aimed to evaluate the combined adjuvant impact of LPS and R-848 with an inactivated Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine in chickens. Contrary to prior findings suggesting synergistic immune responses, this investigation revealed that the LPS and R-848 combination resulted in subpar humoral and cellular immune responses, failing to confer protection against virulent NDV challenge. These findings imply adverse effects of the LPS and R-848 combination on antigen-specific immune responses in chickens, possibly attributable to systemic cytokine storm. The study advocates for exploring alternative delivery strategies, such as nanoparticle-based delivery, to unlock the potential synergistic effect of LPS and R-848 as adjuvants in chickens.
Figure 2. Bacteria-Derived Adjuvant was utilized by the researchers to enhance the immune response of vaccinated chickens against NDV, with the aim of bolstering antibody production. (Sharma BK, et al., 2022)
Q: How to choose Bacteria-Derived Adjuvant?
A: (1) Immunogenicity Requirements: Consider the immunogenicity requirements of your vaccine. Certain Bacteria-Derived Adjuvants may be more suitable for enhancing specific immune responses, such as Th1 immunity or cell-mediated immunity.
(2) Type of Research: Consider the type of research, whether immunology, infection studies, or vaccine development. Different Bacteria-Derived Adjuvants may perform better in different types of studies.
(3) Literature Review: Review relevant literature to understand the application and effects of Bacteria-Derived Adjuvant in similar studies for a more informed decision.
Q: What is the specific application of Bacteria-Derived Adjuvant in vaccine development?
A: Bacteria-Derived Adjuvant is widely used in vaccine development to improve the immunogenicity of vaccines, inducing a stronger and longer-lasting immune response for better protection.
Q: Does your Bacteria-Derived Adjuvant support personalized customization services?
A: Yes, we provide personalized customization services, collaborating with clients to offer tailored solutions based on their research goals and requirements.
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