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11 pages, 1032 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chronic Adolescent Restraint Stress Downregulates miRNA-200a Expression in Male and Female C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ Mice

by Helen M. Kamens, Emma K. Anziano, William J. Horton and Sonia A. Cavigelli

Genes 2024, 15(7), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes15070873 (registering DOI) - 3 Jul 2024

Abstract

Adolescence is a critical developmental period when the brain is plastic, and stress exposure can have lasting physiological consequences. One mechanism through which adolescent stress may have lasting effects is by altering microRNAs (miRNAs), leading to wide-scale gene expression changes. Three prior independent studies used unbiased approaches (RNA sequencing or microarray) to identify miRNAs differentially expressed by chronic variable stress in male rodents. In all three studies, miRNA-200a was differentially expressed in areas of the brain associated with emotion regulation. The current study extends this research to determine if chronic non-variable adolescent stress downregulates miRNA-200a expression by looking at two strains (BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J) of male and female mice. We utilized a 14-day (2 h/day) restraint stress protocol and verified stress effects on adolescent body weight gain and circulating corticosterone concentrations relative to non-restraint controls. Mice were then left undisturbed until they were euthanized in adulthood, at which time brains were collected to measure miRNA-200a in the ventral hippocampus. Three weeks after adolescent stress ended, differences in body weight between groups were no longer significant; however, animals exposed to stress had less miRNA-200a expression in the ventral hippocampus than control animals. These data implicate miRNA-200a expression as a potential mechanism by which adolescent stress can have persistent impacts on multiple outcomes in both male and female mice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurogenomics)

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18 pages, 387 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determinants of Disordered Eating Behaviours (DEBs) among Adolescent Female School Students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Qualitative Study

by Azzah Alsheweir, Elizabeth Goyder, Maha Alzahrani and Samantha J. Caton

Nutrients 2024, 16(13), 2119; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16132119 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2024

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Abstract

The risk of DEB is more prevalent in girls, particularly during adolescence. The onset of DEB can be triggered by many inter-related factors, including biological, social, parental, and psychosocial. To date, very little is known about the determinants of DEBs in Saudi adolescent girls. Using a qualitative analysis, this study explored potential determinants of DEB among adolescent girls in Riyadh. Eighteen semi-structured interviews were carried out with adolescent girls (mean age = 14.06, SD = 0.87) who reported a high risk of DEB (EAT-26 ≥ 20) in intermediate and secondary schools in Riyadh. The mean weight was 51 kg (SD = 11.8) with BMI ranging from 14.18 kg/m² to 27.51 kg/m². EAT-26 scores ranged from 21 to 42 (M = 26.8, SD = 5.6). Data were transcribed and revised, then themes and sub-themes were assigned using MAXQDA 24. The most common DEBs reported were dieting and binging, followed by induced vomiting. Major themes were related to negative cognitions, conscious imitation/copying behaviours, bullying, comparisons, and negative comments. Some participants identified the possibility of biological and familial factors in increasing the likelihood of DEB. Our findings provide a framework that could be used to increase understanding of DEB and inform the development of interventions to address underlying causes of DEB in Saudi adolescent girls. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Obesity to Eating Disorders: Scaling Up the Evidence)

20 pages, 618 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Building a Sense of Belonging in Dance with Adolescents: A Systematic Review

by Precious N. Sango and Angela Pickard

Adolescents 2024, 4(3), 335-354; https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents4030024 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2024

Viewed by 56

Abstract

It has been suggested that adolescents’ mental health challenges account for half of the disease burden in the world’s adolescents and young adults. In addition to psychological and medical interventions employed to prevent and treat mental health conditions, programmes such as social prescribing which include arts-based activities like dance, are gaining momentum in countries such as the UK. Evidence shows that such activities can produce positive mental and physical well-being outcomes for individuals with the potential to build a sense of belonging and connection among adolescents. This review aims to collate and synthesise findings of studies that explored building a sense of belonging and/or its features in dance with adolescents. The review was reported based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. We identified 14 studies that met the inclusion criteria which were used to present a narrative synthesis to address the review questions. The findings show the need for more dance research that directly focuses on and explores the role of dance in building a sense of belonging with adolescents and how a sense of belonging can be facilitated through dance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Adolescent Health and Mental Health)

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9 pages, 453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feasibility and Acceptability of Yoga for Adolescents with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

by Adina Dawoud, Jill Blitz, Steffany Moonaz and Leah Grout

Children 2024, 11(7), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11070812 (registering DOI) - 2 Jul 2024

Viewed by 138

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Yoga is effective for adults with arthritis but unstudied in adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Methods: A pilot study assessed the feasibility and acceptability of an 8-week group yoga intervention for adolescents ages 14–18 with JIA. Each 75-min session included breathing techniques, relaxation, mindfulness, and modified yoga postures, using yoga props and a rope wall. An online video was available for home practice. The outcome measures administered at the baseline and at 8 weeks were physician global assessment with joint count, visual assessment with a joint damage assessment index, the Pediatric Quality of Life Arthritis Module 3.0 (Peds QL), and the visual analog scale for pain. Results: Thirteen out of 25 participants attended ≥1 class with a mean of 5.7 ± 2.2 classes. Common reasons for non-enrollment included distance, schedule, and lack of interest. The average distance to classes was 29.0 ± 41.7 miles. There was a trend toward improvement for joint count (p = 0.07), global assessment (p = 0.10), and the Pain and Hurt domain of the Peds QL (p = 0.13), but no other outcomes approached significance. Satisfaction data from an anonymous survey (n = 8) were high in all areas. Conclusions: Adolescents with JIA who attended yoga reported enjoyment, pain reduction, and interest in continued practice with no adverse events. Future studies should consider stakeholder engagement to reduce barriers and larger sample sizes to test the effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Children’s Diseases, Family Management, and Quality of Life)

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35 pages, 1218 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring the Link between Oxidative Stress, Selenium Levels, and Obesity in Youth

by Teofana Otilia Bizerea-Moga, Laura Pitulice, Otilia Bizerea-Spiridon and Tudor Voicu Moga

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(13), 7276; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137276 - 2 Jul 2024

Viewed by 169

Abstract

Obesity is a worldwide increasing concern. Although in adults this is easily estimated with the body mass index, in children, who are constantly growing and whose bodies are changing, the reference points to assess weight status are age and gender, and need corroboration with complementary data, making their quantification highly difficult. The present review explores the interaction spectrum of oxidative stress, selenium status, and obesity in children and adolescents. Any factor related to oxidative stress that triggers obesity and, conversely, obesity that induces oxidative stress are part of a vicious circle, a complex chain of mechanisms that derive from each other and reinforce each other with serious health consequences. Selenium and its compounds exhibit key antioxidant activity and also have a significant role in the nutritional evaluation of obese children. The balance of selenium intake, retention, and metabolism emerges as a vital aspect of health, reflecting the complex interactions between diet, oxidative stress, and obesity. Understanding whether selenium status is a contributor to or a consequence of obesity could inform nutritional interventions and public health strategies aimed at preventing and managing obesity from an early age. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress in Metabolic and Endocrine Diseases: Basic and Translational Aspects 3.0)

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15 pages, 2070 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effects of Schroth 3D Exercise on Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Chenting Chen, Jialu Xu and Haifeng Li

Children 2024, 11(7), 806; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11070806 (registering DOI) - 1 Jul 2024

Viewed by 258

Abstract

(1) Background: This meta-analysis aims to systematically assess the effect size of Schroth three-dimensional exercise training on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, especially for Cobb angles, angles of trunk rotation, and quality of life. (2) Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) focused on the effect of Schroth exercise on patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) were retrieved from six databases, including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, and Wanfang. All publications until July 2023 were searched. Two researchers screened and evaluated the literature. Review manager (RevMan 5.3) statistical software was used for meta-analyses, and subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis of the literature with high heterogeneity were further conducted. (3) Results: In total, 14 studies were included, including 538 adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients. Compared with conventional physical therapy, Schroth 3D exercise training is more effective at reducing the Cobb angle (WMD = −3.32, 95%CI [−4.15, −2.50], p < 0.001) and improving the trunk rotation angle (WMD = −2.24, 95%CI [−3.00, −1.48], p < 0.001), quality of life (SMD = 2.80, 95%CI [1.53, 4.06], p < 0.001), and WRVAS (WMD = −2.92, 95%CI [−3.25, −2.60], p < 0.001), as well as enhancing the strength of the lumbar extensor (SMD = 1.79, 95%CI [1.46, 2.12], p < 0.001). (4) Conclusion: Compared with traditional therapy, Schroth 3D exercises are more effective at decreasing the Cobb angle and ATR in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, improving patients’ quality of life, as well as enhancing the strength of the lumbar extensor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Orthopedics & Sports Medicine)

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23 pages, 592 KiB

Open AccessReview

Pediatric Narcolepsy Type 1: A State-of-the-Art Review

by Valentina Baldini, Francesco Biscarini, Giorgia Varallo, Fabio Pizza and Giuseppe Plazzi

Clin. Transl. Neurosci. 2024, 8(3), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/ctn8030025 - 30 Jun 2024

Viewed by 182

Abstract

Narcolepsy is a chronic central disorder of hypersomnolence most frequently arising during childhood/adolescence. This review article examined the literature concerning the etiology, prevalence, clinical course, and treatment of children with type 1 narcolepsy (NT1). Core symptoms of pediatric NT1 include excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and cataplexy, together with disrupted night sleep, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations that can also occur. This disease frequently presents several comorbidities, such as obesity and precocious puberty, conditions ranging from psychological distress to psychiatric disorders, and cognitive aspects that further worsen the clinical picture. NT1 impairs the quality of life of children, thus calling for an early diagnosis and adequate treatment. To date, pharmacological treatments have been registered for childhood NT1 and can improve symptoms. Non-pharmacological approaches are also essential to improve patients’ well-being, ranging from behavioral treatments (e.g., planned napping) to psychosocial interventions (e.g., school programs). Multidisciplinary treatment management and early diagnosis are key factors in order to allow for adequate quality of life and development in children with NT1. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuroscience/translational neurology)

25 pages, 772 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Perceived Social Support and Health Care Spending as Moderators in the Association of Traditional Bullying Perpetration with Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying Victimisation among Adolescents in 27 European Countries: A Multilevel Cross-National Study

by Patrick Chanda, Masauso Chirwa, Ackson Tyson Mwale, Kalunga Cindy Nakazwe, Ireen Manase Kabembo and Bruce Nkole

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(7), 863; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070863 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024

Viewed by 272

Abstract

Existing research has documented the association between bullying perpetration and bullying victimisation. However, it is still unclear how different sources of social support moderate the association between bullying perpetration and bullying victimisation at a cross-national level. Using multilevel binary logistic regression models, this study examined the moderating role of public health care spending and perceived social support (i.e., family and teacher support) in the association between traditional bullying perpetration and victimisation by traditional bullying and cyberbullying among adolescents across 27 European countries. Country-level data were combined with 2017/18 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) survey data from 162,792 adolescents (11-, 13-, and 15-year-olds) in 27 European countries. Results showed that adolescents who perpetrated traditional bullying had a higher likelihood of being victimised by traditional bullying and cyberbullying than adolescents who did not bully others. Results also indicated that the magnitude of the positive association between traditional bullying perpetration and victimisation by traditional bullying and cyberbullying was mitigated among adolescents with more family, teacher, and public health care support. These findings support the notion that multilayered systems of social support could play a vital role in bullying prevention and intervention strategies to address bullying among adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition: Bullying and Cyberbullying, Mental Health and Behavioral Difficulties)

35 pages, 908 KiB

Open AccessReview

Adolescent Social Media Use through a Self-Determination Theory Lens: A Systematic Scoping Review

by Monique West, Simon Rice and Dianne Vella-Brodrick

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(7), 862; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21070862 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024

Viewed by 318

Abstract

Background: Social media is an integral part of adolescents’ lives and has a strong influence on development and wellbeing. Research examining adolescent social media use and wellbeing is confusing as findings are inconsistent, inconclusive and contradictory. To address this issue, digital wellbeing scholars recommend that researchers adopt a theoretical approach with the aim of increasing meaningfulness and applicability of findings. Hence, this review applies self-determination theory to investigate how adolescent social media use supports and thwarts the basic psychological needs of relatedness, autonomy and competence. Satisfaction of all three psychological needs is essential for optimal development and wellbeing. Methods: A scoping review was conducted using a systematic search of five databases relating to adolescent social media use. The preferred items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (extension for scoping reviews) was applied resulting in 86 included studies. Results: Adolescent social media use both supports and thwarts relatedness, autonomy and competence. The findings highlighted how different aspects of adolescent social media use (including intra-personal, inter-personal, situational and environmental factors) contribute to the satisfaction and frustration of basic psychological needs. Conclusions: This review illustrates how social media can be both beneficial and detrimental to satisfying the basic psychological needs of relatedness, autonomy and competence. This is important when considering that if psychological needs are satisfied or frustrated in adolescence, the repercussions can have a cascading effect throughout adulthood. This review identifies gaps in the literature and provides suggestions for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Internet and Social Media Use on Young People's Mental Health)

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12 pages, 4834 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Optimal Lowest Instrumented Vertebra to Prevent the Distal Adding-On Phenomenon in Patients Undergoing Selective Thoracic Fusion for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis with Lenke Type 1A and 1B Curves: Comparison of Nine Selection Criteria

by Se-Jun Park, Jin-Sung Park, Dong-Ho Kang and Chong-Suh Lee

J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(13), 3859; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13133859 - 30 Jun 2024

Viewed by 209

Abstract

Background/Objectives: There is no solid consensus regarding which lowest instrumented vertebra (LIV) selection criterion is best to prevent distal adding-on (DA) after adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) surgery. This study aims to search out the LIV selection criteria in the literature and to compare the ability of each LIV selection criterion to prevent DA in patients with AIS. Methods: Patients who underwent thoracic fusion for AIS of Lenke type 1A or 1B were included in this study. Nine criteria for LIV selection were found in a literature review. For each patient, whether the postoperative actual location of LIV was met with the suggested locations of the LIV was assessed. The preventive ability of nine criteria against DA was evaluated using logistic regression analysis. The patients who met the LIV selection criteria but developed DA were investigated. Results: The study cohort consisted of 145 consecutive patients with a mean age of 14.8 years. The criteria of Suk (OR = 0.267), Parisini (OR = 0.230), Wang (OR = 0.289), and Qin (OR = 0.210) showed a significantly decreased risk of DA if the LIV selection criterion was chosen at each suggested landmark. As the additional levels were fused, there was no statistically significant benefit in further reducing the risk of DA. Among the patients who met each criterion, the incidence of DA was lower in criteria by Takahashi (5.9%), Qin (7.1%), and King (7.4%) than the others. Conclusions: Qin’s criterion, using the substantially touching vertebra concept, has the highest preventive ability against DA development. Extending the instrumentation further distal to this suggested LIV criterion did not add further benefit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Scoliosis, Spinal Deformity and Other Spinal Disorders)

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12 pages, 305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Bullying in Physical Education: Descriptive Study of Spanish Adolescents

by Juan de Dios Benítez-Sillero, Diego Corredor-Corredor, Álvaro Morente-Montero, Javier Murillo-Moraño and José Manuel Armada-Crespo

Behav. Sci. 2024, 14(7), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070555 - 30 Jun 2024

Viewed by 398

Abstract

Physical education classes can be a place where both bullying and harassment take place, and a powerful strategy is needed to prevent it. The present study analyses bullying and students’ behaviour as active or passive observers in a general educational context and physical education lessons. A sample of 958 adolescents aged 12 to 18 was studied. A questionnaire was used to analyse the victimisation and the bullying and behaviour observed. The results showed a lower incidence rate than that observed in other studies in physical education classes with a higher level of perpetration by boys than by girls and a more active rejection of aggression by victims and girls. On the other hand, passive attitudes were greater among perpetrators and boys. The observers’ attitudes were similar in both contexts. The scenario in which this subject takes place could reduce the risk of these phenomena occurring. Therefore, physical education teachers should analyse these behaviours and intervene, especially when creating awareness in boys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Psychological and Cognitive Development)

10 pages, 264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Perception Profile, Body Image Perception and Satisfaction in Relation to Body Mass Index: An Investigation in a Sample of Adolescents from the Campania Region, Italy

by Giada Ballarin, Francesca Gallè, Lucia Dinacci, Federica Liberti, Antonia Cunti and Giuliana Valerio

Children 2024, 11(7), 805; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11070805 (registering DOI) - 30 Jun 2024

Viewed by 226

Abstract

(1) Background: Body image dissatisfaction has been commonly reported in adolescents with overweight/obesity and has been related to a lack of motivation to change lifestyle behaviors. Plus, a better perception of physical fitness has been related to a higher self-perception in physical aspect and social items in youths. (2) Methods: A total of 120 (59.2% males, mean age of 12.3 ± 0.9 years) middle-school adolescents participated in the present study. Anthropometric measurements were assessed following the standard procedures. Body weight perception and body image satisfaction were assessed using the Silhouette Figure Body Images Test. Self-perception profile, perceived physical fitness, and perceived difficulties in conducting physical tasks were assessed by using structured questionnaires. (3) Results: Overweight was present in 27.5% adolescents and obesity in 32.5%. A total of 89.7% of adolescents with obesity did not have a real perception of his/her weight status and 84.6% of adolescents with obesity were not satisfied with his/her body image. The self-perception of physical appearance, perceived difficulties in running, perceived overall fitness, and perceived speed/agility were lower in adolescents who were unsatisfied with their body image. Body image satisfaction was positively associated with the self-perception of physical appearance and overall fitness and negatively associated with perceived difficulties in running, independently of sex, age, and BMI. (4) Conclusions: Adolescents with obesity did not have a real perception of their weight status and were unsatisfied with their body image. The positive association between body satisfaction, a better perception of overall fitness, and less difficulties in conducting physical tasks suggests the protective role of the components of physical activity and health-related fitness on body acceptance in a critical period of life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Motor Competence and Physical Activity in School Children)

15 pages, 2842 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Grilled Marshmallows

by Maciej Maciejczyk, Beata Janoszka, Magdalena Szumska, Beata Pastuszka, Sławomir Waligóra, Aleksandra Damasiewicz-Bodzek, Agnieszka Nowak and Krystyna Tyrpień-Golder

Molecules 2024, 29(13), 3119; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29133119 - 30 Jun 2024

Viewed by 188

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess potential health risks among children and adolescents consuming various grilled marshmallows using a survey and to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in these food products. PAH analysis in grilled marshmallows included a dilution stage with deionized water and liquid–liquid extraction with cyclohexane and solid-phase extraction (SPE). PAH fractions were initially analyzed via high-performance thin-layer chromatography, and PAH concentrations were determined via gas chromatography with a tandem mass detector using the selective reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. This study on the consumption of grilled marshmallows was conducted among approximately 300 children and adolescents. The preliminary results indicated that “raw” marshmallows did not contain PAHs. However, the obtained data suggested the exposure of young people to carcinogenic PAHs from grilled marshmallows (63.5% of them consumed marshmallows). Carcinogenic benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) was determined in all samples. The profile of PAH concentrations in the extracts isolated from various grilled types of marshmallows was similar (r² > 0.8000), regardless of the grilling method. Compared to the white sugar confection, higher concentrations of PAHs were determined in multicolored marshmallows. The lack of social awareness about exposure to carcinogenic substances is alarming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Food Chemistry)

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16 pages, 815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Prospective Association between Early Life Growth and Breast Density in Young Adult Women

by Rachel Lloyd, Sarah Pirikahu, Jane Walter, Gemma Cadby, Nicole Warrington, Dilukshi Perera, Martha Hickey, Christobel Saunders, Michael Hackmann, David D. Sampson, John Shepherd, Lothar Lilge and Jennifer Stone

Cancers 2024, 16(13), 2418; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16132418 - 30 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Breast density is a strong intermediate endpoint to investigate the association between early-life exposures and breast cancer risk. This study investigates the association between early-life growth and breast density in young adult women measured using Optical Breast Spectroscopy (OBS) and Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). OBS measurements were obtained for 536 female Raine Cohort Study participants at ages 27–28, with 268 completing DXA measurements. Participants with three or more height and weight measurements from ages 8 to 22 were used to generate linear growth curves for height, weight and body mass index (BMI) using SITAR modelling. Three growth parameters (size, velocity and timing) were examined for association with breast density measures, adjusting for potential confounders. Women who reached their peak height rapidly (velocity) and later in adolescence (timing) had lower OBS-breast density. Overall, women who were taller (size) had higher OBS-breast density. For weight, women who grew quickly (velocity) and later in adolescence (timing) had higher absolute DXA-breast density. Overall, weight (size) was also inversely associated with absolute DXA-breast density, as was BMI. These findings provide new evidence that adolescent growth is associated with breast density measures in young adult women, suggesting potential mediation pathways for breast cancer risk in later life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights in Mammographic Density in Breast Cancer Risk, Screening and Detection)

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15 pages, 348 KiB

Open AccessReview

Gonadal Teratomas: A State-of-the-Art Review in Pathology

by Cecilia Salzillo, Amalia Imparato, Francesco Fortarezza, Sonia Maniglio, Stefano Lucà, Marco La Verde, Gabriella Serio and Andrea Marzullo

Cancers 2024, 16(13), 2412; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16132412 - 29 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Teratomas are neoplasms arising from germ cells and encompass tissues derived from two or more embryonic germ layers, including ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These tumours typically localize along the midline or in paramedian positions and can manifest as gonadal (20%) or extragonadal (80%) entities. Although gonadal teratomas are uncommon, they represent the predominant type of gonadal tumour in the paediatric population. They comprise approximately 20–25% of all ovarian tumours in females and about 3–5% of all testicular tumours in males. Ovarian teratomas exhibit a higher incidence in early childhood and adolescence, whereas testicular teratomas are more prevalent during the first three months of life and between the ages of 15 and 19. While the majority of paediatric gonadal teratomas are benign, malignant or mixed variants may also arise, necessitating more aggressive therapeutic interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genitourinary Malignancies)

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