References

Erin L. LeBlanc; Carrie D. Patnode; Elizabeth M. Webber; Nadia Redmond; Megan Rushkin; Elizabeth A. O’Connor

NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

LeBlanc EL, Patnode CD, Webber EM, et al. Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Weight Loss Interventions to Prevent Obesity-Related Morbidity and Mortality in Adults: An Updated Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2018 Sep. (Evidence Synthesis, No. 168.)

Cover of Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Weight Loss Interventions to Prevent Obesity-Related Morbidity and Mortality in Adults: An Updated Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force

Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Weight Loss Interventions to Prevent Obesity-Related Morbidity and Mortality in Adults: An Updated Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet].

Show details

Contents

< Prev Next >

References

1.: World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organization technical report series. 2000;894:i–xii, 1–253. PMID: 11234459. [PubMed: 11234459]
2.: Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults-The Evidence Report. National Institutes of Health. Obes Res. 1998;6: Suppl 2:51S–209S. PMID: 9813653. 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1998.tb00690.x [PubMed: 9813653] [CrossRef]
3.: Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation. 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S102–38. PMID: 24222017. 10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee [PMC free article: PMC5819889] [PubMed: 24222017] [CrossRef]
4.: Heymsfield SB, Peterson CM, Thomas DM, et al. Why are there race/ethnic differences in adult body mass index-adiposity relationships? A quantitative critical review. Obes Rev. 2016;17(3):262–75. PMID: 26663309. 10.1111/obr.12358 [PMC free article: PMC4968570] [PubMed: 26663309] [CrossRef]
5.: Deurenberg P, Yap M, van Staveren WA. Body mass index and percent body fat: a meta analysis among different ethnic groups. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1998;22(12):1164–71. PMID: 9877251. [PubMed: 9877251]
6.: Abell JE, Egan BM, Wilson PW, et al. Age and race impact the association between BMI and CVD mortality in women. Public health reports. 2007;122(4):507–12. PMID: 17639654. 10.1177/003335490712200412 [PMC free article: PMC1888501] [PubMed: 17639654] [CrossRef]
7.: Abell JE, Egan BM, Wilson PW, et al. Differences in cardiovascular disease mortality associated with body mass between Black and White persons. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(1):63–6. PMID: 18048799. 10.2105/AJPH.2006.093781 [PMC free article: PMC2156055] [PubMed: 18048799] [CrossRef]
8.: Chen Y, Henson S, Jackson AB, et al. Obesity intervention in persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2006;44(2):82–91. PMID: 16103891. 10.1038/sj.sc.3101818 [PubMed: 16103891] [CrossRef]
9.: Low S, Chin MC, Ma S, et al. Rationale for redefining obesity in Asians. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 2009;38(1):66–9. PMID: 19221673. [PubMed: 19221673]
10.: Maskarinec G, Grandinetti A, Matsuura G, et al. Diabetes prevalence and body mass index differ by ethnicity: the Multiethnic Cohort. Ethn Dis. 2009;19(1):49–55. PMID: 19341163. [PMC free article: PMC2702477] [PubMed: 19341163]
11.: Ni Mhurchu C, Rodgers A, Pan WH, et al. Body mass index and cardiovascular disease in the Asia-Pacific Region: an overview of 33 cohorts involving 310 000 participants. Int J Epidemiol. 2004;33(4):751–8. PMID: 15105409. 10.1093/ije/dyh163 [PubMed: 15105409] [CrossRef]
12.: Obesity in Asia Collaboration, Huxley R, Barzi F, et al. Waist circumference thresholds provide an accurate and widely applicable method for the discrimination of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(12):3116–8. PMID: 17804678. 10.2337/dc07-1455 [PubMed: 17804678] [CrossRef]
13.: Razak F, Anand S, Vuksan V, et al. Ethnic differences in the relationships between obesity and glucose-metabolic abnormalities: a cross-sectional population-based study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005;29(6):656–67. PMID: 15782225. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802937 [PubMed: 15782225] [CrossRef]
14.: Razak F, Anand SS, Shannon H, et al. Defining obesity cut points in a multiethnic population. Circulation. 2007;115(16):2111–8. PMID: 17420343. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.635011 [PubMed: 17420343] [CrossRef]
15.: Sanchez-Castillo CP, Velazquez-Monroy O, Berber A, et al. Anthropometric cutoff points for predicting chronic diseases in the Mexican National Health Survey 2000. Obes Res. 2003;11(3):442–51. PMID: 12634443. 10.1038/oby.2003.60 [PubMed: 12634443] [CrossRef]
16.: Stevens J, Juhaeri, Cai J, et al. The effect of decision rules on the choice of a body mass index cutoff for obesity: examples from African American and white women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(6):986–92. PMID: 12036803. [PubMed: 12036803]
17.: Stommel M, Schoenborn CA. Variations in BMI and prevalence of health risks in diverse racial and ethnic populations. Obesity. 2010;18(9):1821–6. PMID: 20075855. 10.1038/oby.2009.472 [PubMed: 20075855] [CrossRef]
18.: WHO Expert Consultation. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004;363(9403):157–63. PMID: 14726171. 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15268-3 [PubMed: 14726171] [CrossRef]
19.: Wen CP, David Cheng TY, Tsai SP, et al. Are Asians at greater mortality risks for being overweight than Caucasians? Redefining obesity for Asians. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12(4):497–506. PMID: 18547457. 10.1017/S1368980008002802 [PubMed: 18547457] [CrossRef]
20.: Jackson CL, Wang NY, Yeh HC, et al. Body-mass index and mortality risk in U.S. blacks compared to whites. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22(3):842–51. PMID: 23554375. 10.1002/oby.20471 [PMC free article: PMC3844096] [PubMed: 23554375] [CrossRef]
21.: Chiu M, Austin PC, Manuel DG, et al. Deriving ethnic-specific BMI cutoff points for assessing diabetes risk. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(8):1741–8. PMID: 21680722. 10.2337/dc10-2300 [PMC free article: PMC3142051] [PubMed: 21680722] [CrossRef]
22.: Hsu WC, Araneta MR, Kanaya AM, et al. BMI cut points to identify at-risk Asian Americans for type 2 diabetes screening. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(1):150–8. PMID: 25538311. 10.2337/dc14-2391 [PMC free article: PMC4392932] [PubMed: 25538311] [CrossRef]
23.: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Assessing body mass index and waist circumference thresholds for intervening to prevent ill health and premature death among adults from black, Asian and other minority ethnic groups in the UK. 2013. PMID: none.
24.: Gu D, He J, Duan X, et al. Body weight and mortality among men and women in China. JAMA. 2006;295(7):776–83. PMID: 16478900. 10.1001/jama.295.7.776 [PubMed: 16478900] [CrossRef]
25.: Jee SH, Sull JW, Park J, et al. Body-mass index and mortality in Korean men and women. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(8):779–87. PMID: 16926276. 10.1056/NEJMoa054017 [PubMed: 16926276] [CrossRef]
26.: Matsuo T, Sairenchi T, Iso H, et al. Age- and gender-specific BMI in terms of the lowest mortality in Japanese general population. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(10):2348–55. PMID: 18719651. 10.1038/oby.2008.342 [PubMed: 18719651] [CrossRef]
27.: Tsugane S, Sasaki S, Tsubono Y. Under- and overweight impact on mortality among middle-aged Japanese men and women: a 10-y follow-up of JPHC study cohort I. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002;26(4):529–37. PMID: 12075580. [PubMed: 12075580]
28.: Katzmarzyk PT, Mire E, Bray GA, et al. Anthropometric markers of obesity and mortality in white and African American adults: the pennington center longitudinal study. Obesity. 2013;21(5):1070–5. PMID: 23784912. 10.1002/oby.20151 [PMC free article: PMC3695407] [PubMed: 23784912] [CrossRef]
29.: Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, et al. Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(15):1097–105. PMID: 10511607. 10.1056/NEJM199910073411501 [PubMed: 10511607] [CrossRef]
30.: Stevens J. Obesity and mortality in African-Americans. Nutr Rev. 2000;58(11):346–53. PMID: 11140906. [PubMed: 11140906]
31.: Rillamas-Sun E, LaCroix AZ, Waring ME, et al. Obesity and late-age survival without major disease or disability in older women. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(1):98–106. PMID: 24217806 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12051 [PMC free article: PMC3963496] [PubMed: 24217806] [CrossRef]
32.: Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, et al. Prevalence of Obesity Among Adults and Youth: United States, 2011-2014. NCHS data brief. 2015(219):1–8. PMID: 26633046. [PubMed: 26633046]
33.: Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, et al. Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. JAMA. 2014;311(8):806–14. PMID: 24570244. 10.1001/jama.2014.732 [PMC free article: PMC4770258] [PubMed: 24570244] [CrossRef]
34.: Ford ES, Maynard LM, Li C. Trends in mean waist circumference and abdominal obesity among US adults, 1999-2012. JAMA. 2014;312(11):1151–3. PMID: 25226482. 10.1001/jama.2014.8362 [PMC free article: PMC4608432] [PubMed: 25226482] [CrossRef]
35.: Flegal KM, Kruszon-Moran D, Carroll MD, et al. Trends in Obesity Among Adults in the United States, 2005 to 2014. JAMA. 2016;315(21):2284–91. PMID: 27272580. 10.1001/jama.2016.6458 [PubMed: 27272580] [CrossRef]
36.: National Center for Health Statistics. Health United States Report 2016: With Chartbook on Long-term Trends in Health. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus16.pdf. Accessed May 23, 2017. [PubMed: 28910066]
37.: Echeverria SE, Mustafa M, Pentakota SR, et al. Social and clinically-relevant cardiovascular risk factors in Asian Americans adults: NHANES 2011-2014. Prev Med. 2017;99:222–7. PMID: 28219784. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.02.016 [PubMed: 28219784] [CrossRef]
38.: Bogers RP, Bemelmans WJ, Hoogenveen RT, et al. Association of overweight with increased risk of coronary heart disease partly independent of blood pressure and cholesterol levels: a meta-analysis of 21 cohort studies including more than 300 000 persons. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(16):1720–8. PMID: 17846390. 10.1001/archinte.167.16.1720 [PubMed: 17846390] [CrossRef]
39.: Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rotnitzky A, et al. Weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes mellitus in women. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122(7):481–6. PMID: 7872581. 10.7326/0003-4819-122-7-199504010-00001 [PubMed: 7872581] [CrossRef]
40.: Willett WC, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al. Weight, weight change, and coronary heart disease in women. Risk within the ‘normal’ weight range. JAMA. 1995;273(6):461–5. PMID: 7654270. 10.1001/jama.1995.03520300035033 [PubMed: 7654270] [CrossRef]
41.: Kenchaiah S, Evans JC, Levy D, et al. Obesity and the risk of heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(5):305–13. PMID: 12151467. 10.1056/NEJMoa020245 [PubMed: 12151467] [CrossRef]
42.: Guh DP, Zhang W, Bansback N, et al. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:88. PMID: 19320986. 10.1186/1471-2458-9-88 [PMC free article: PMC2667420] [PubMed: 19320986] [CrossRef]
43.: Dai Z, Xu YC, Niu L. Obesity and colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(31):4199–206. PMID: 17696248. 10.3748/wjg.v13.i31.4199 [PMC free article: PMC4250618] [PubMed: 17696248] [CrossRef]
44.: Harriss DJ, Atkinson G, George K, et al. Lifestyle factors and colorectal cancer risk (1): systematic review and meta-analysis of associations with body mass index. Colorectal Dis. 2009;11(6):547–63. PMID: 19207714. 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2009.01766.x [PubMed: 19207714] [CrossRef]
45.: Renehan AG, Tyson M, Egger M, et al. Body-mass index and incidence of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. Lancet. 2008;371(9612):569–78. PMID: 18280327. 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60269-X [PubMed: 18280327] [CrossRef]
46.: Bhaskaran K, Douglas I, Forbes H, et al. Body-mass index and risk of 22 specific cancers: a population-based cohort study of 5.24 million UK adults. Lancet. 2014;384(9945):755–65. PMID: 25129328. 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60892-8 [PMC free article: PMC4151483] [PubMed: 25129328] [CrossRef]
47.: Kyrgiou M, Kalliala I, Markozannes G, et al. Adiposity and cancer at major anatomical sites: umbrella review of the literature. BMJ. 2017;356(j477). PMID: 28246088. 10.1136/bmj.j477 [PMC free article: PMC5421437] [PubMed: 28246088] [CrossRef]
48.: Strazzullo P, D’Elia L, Cairella G, et al. Excess body weight and incidence of stroke: meta-analysis of prospective studies with 2 million participants. Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation. 2010;41(5):e418–26. PMID: 20299666. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.576967 [PubMed: 20299666] [CrossRef]
49.: Zhou M, Offer A, Yang G, et al. Body mass index, blood pressure, and mortality from stroke: a nationally representative prospective study of 212,000 Chinese men. Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation. 2008;39(3):753–9. PMID: 18239175. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.495374 [PubMed: 18239175] [CrossRef]
50.: Frost L, Hune LJ, Vestergaard P. Overweight and obesity as risk factors for atrial fibrillation or flutter: the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study. Am J Med. 2005;118(5):489–95. PMID: 15866251. 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.01.031 [PubMed: 15866251] [CrossRef]
51.: Wang TJ, Parise H, Levy D, et al. Obesity and the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA. 2004;292(20):2471–7. PMID: 15562125. 10.1001/jama.292.20.2471 [PubMed: 15562125] [CrossRef]
52.: Ageno W, Becattini C, Brighton T, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. Circulation. 2008;117(1):93–102. PMID: 18086925. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.709204 [PubMed: 18086925] [CrossRef]
53.: Stampfer MJ, Maclure KM, Colditz GA, et al. Risk of symptomatic gallstones in women with severe obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;55(3):652–8. PMID: 1550039. [PubMed: 1550039]
54.: Willett WC, Dietz WH, Colditz GA. Guidelines for healthy weight. N Engl J Med. 1999;341(6):427–34. PMID: 10432328. 10.1056/NEJM199908053410607 [PubMed: 10432328] [CrossRef]
55.: Park M, Song DY, Je Y, et al. Body mass index and biliary tract disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Prev Med. 2014;65:13–22. PMID: 24721739. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.03.027 [PubMed: 24721739] [CrossRef]
56.: Pandolfino JE, El-Serag HB, Zhang Q, et al. Obesity: a challenge to esophagogastric junction integrity. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(3):639–49. PMID: 16530504. 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.12.016 [PubMed: 16530504] [CrossRef]
57.: Ferris M, Hogan SL, Chin H, et al. Obesity, albuminuria, and urinalysis findings in US young adults from the Add Health Wave III study. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN. 2007;2(6):1207–14. PMID: 17942783. 10.2215/CJN.00540107 [PubMed: 17942783] [CrossRef]
58.: Hsu CY, McCulloch CE, Iribarren C, et al. Body mass index and risk for end-stage renal disease. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144(1):21–8. PMID: 16389251. 10.7326/0003-4819-144-1-200601030-00006 [PubMed: 16389251] [CrossRef]
59.: Young T, Skatrud J, Peppard PE. Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in adults. JAMA. 2004;291(16):2013–6. PMID: 15113821. 10.1001/jama.291.16.2013 [PubMed: 15113821] [CrossRef]
60.: Hassing LB, Dahl AK, Thorvaldsson V, et al. Overweight in midlife and risk of dementia: a 40-year follow-up study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2009;33(8):893–8. PMID: 19506566. 10.1038/ijo.2009.104 [PMC free article: PMC3025291] [PubMed: 19506566] [CrossRef]
61.: Loef M, Walach H. Midlife obesity and dementia: meta-analysis and adjusted forecast of dementia prevalence in the United States and China. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(1):E51–5. PMID: 23401370. 10.1002/oby.20037 [PubMed: 23401370] [CrossRef]
62.: Hart DJ, Spector TD. The relationship of obesity, fat distribution and osteoarthritis in women in the general population: the Chingford Study. The Journal of rheumatology. 1993;20(2):331–5. PMID: 8474072. [PubMed: 8474072]
63.: Cicuttini FM, Baker JR, Spector TD. The association of obesity with osteoarthritis of the hand and knee in women: a twin study. The Journal of rheumatology. 1996;23(7):1221–6. PMID: 8823696. [PubMed: 8823696]
64.: Chen H, Guo X. Obesity and functional disability in elderly Americans. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(4):689–94. PMID: 18266843. 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01624.x [PMC free article: PMC2391089] [PubMed: 18266843] [CrossRef]
65.: Jia H, Lubetkin EI. The impact of obesity on health-related quality-of-life in the general adult US population. J Public Health (Oxf). 2005;27(2):156–64. PMID: 15820993. 10.1093/pubmed/fdi025 [PubMed: 15820993] [CrossRef]
66.: Fine JT, Colditz GA, Coakley EH, et al. A prospective study of weight change and health-related quality of life in women. JAMA. 1999;282(22):2136–42. PMID: 10591335. 10.1001/jama.282.22.2136 [PubMed: 10591335] [CrossRef]
67.: Luppino FS, de Wit LM, Bouvy PF, et al. Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Archives of general psychiatry. 2010;67(3):220–9. PMID: 20194822. 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.2 [PubMed: 20194822] [CrossRef]
68.: Bertakis KD, Azari R. Obesity and the use of health care services. Obes Res. 2005;13(2):372–9. PMID: 15800296. 10.1038/oby.2005.49 [PubMed: 15800296] [CrossRef]
69.: Quesenberry CP, Jr., Caan B, Jacobson A. Obesity, health services use, and health care costs among members of a health maintenance organization. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(5):466–72. PMID: 9508224. 10.1001/archinte.158.5.466 [PubMed: 9508224] [CrossRef]
70.: Flegal K, Kit B, Orpana H, et al. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2013;309(1):71–82. PMID: 23280227 10.1001/jama.2012.113905 [PMC free article: PMC4855514] [PubMed: 23280227] [CrossRef]
71.: Borrell LN, Samuel L. Body mass index categories and mortality risk in US adults: the effect of overweight and obesity on advancing death. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(3):512–9. PMID: 24432921. 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301597 [PMC free article: PMC3953803] [PubMed: 24432921] [CrossRef]
72.: Dobbins M, Decorby K, Choi BC. The Association between Obesity and Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies from 1985 to 2011. ISRN Preventive Med. 2013;2013:680536. PMID: 24977095. 10.5402/2013/680536 [PMC free article: PMC4062857] [PubMed: 24977095] [CrossRef]
73.: Prospective Studies Collaboration, Whitlock G, Lewington S, et al. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet. 2009;373(9669):1083–96. PMID: 19299006. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60318-4 [PMC free article: PMC2662372] [PubMed: 19299006] [CrossRef]
74.: Flegal KM, Ioannidis JPA. A meta-analysis but not a systematic review: an evaluation of the Global BMI Mortality Collaboration. J Clin Epidemiol. 2017. PMID: 28435099. 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.04.007 [PubMed: 28435099] [CrossRef]
75.: Adams KF, Schatzkin A, Harris TB, et al. Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years old. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(8):763–78. PMID: 16926275. 10.1056/NEJMoa055643 [PubMed: 16926275] [CrossRef]
76.: Danaei G, Ding EL, Mozaffarian D, et al. The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors. PLoS medicine. 2009;6(4):e1000058. PMID: 19399161. 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058 [PMC free article: PMC2667673] [PubMed: 19399161] [CrossRef]
77.: Peeters A, Barendregt JJ, Willekens F, et al. Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: a life-table analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138(1):24–32. PMID: 12513041. 10.7326/0003-4819-138-1-200301070-00008 [PubMed: 12513041] [CrossRef]
78.: Berrington de Gonzalez A, Hartge P, Cerhan JR, et al. Body-mass index and mortality among 1.46 million white adults. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(23):2211–9. PMID: 21121834. 10.1056/NEJMoa1000367 [PMC free article: PMC3066051] [PubMed: 21121834] [CrossRef]
79.: Global BMI Mortality Collaboration. Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. Lancet. 2016;388(10046):776–86. PMID: 27423262. 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30175-1 [PMC free article: PMC4995441] [PubMed: 27423262] [CrossRef]
80.: Yu E, Levy SH, Manson JE, et al. Weight History and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Three Prospective Cohort Studies. Ann Intern Med. 2017. PMID: None. 10.7326/M16-1390 [PMC free article: PMC5518318] [PubMed: 28384755] [CrossRef]
81.: Flegal KM, Williamson DF, Pamuk ER, et al. Estimating deaths attributable to obesity in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2004;94(9):1486–9. PMID: 15333299. [PMC free article: PMC1448478] [PubMed: 15333299]
82.: Lenz M, Richter T, Muhlhauser I. The morbidity and mortality associated with overweight and obesity in adulthood: a systematic review. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2009;106(40):641–8. PMID: 19890430. 10.3238/arztebl.2009.0641 [PMC free article: PMC2770228] [PubMed: 19890430] [CrossRef]
83.: Flanders WD, Augestad LB. Adjusting for reverse causality in the relationship between obesity and mortality. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32: Suppl 3:S42–6. PMID: 18695652. 10.1038/ijo.2008.84 [PubMed: 18695652] [CrossRef]
84.: Lawlor DA, Hart CL, Hole DJ, et al. Reverse causality and confounding and the associations of overweight and obesity with mortality. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006;14(12):2294–304. PMID: 17189558. 10.1038/oby.2006.269 [PubMed: 17189558] [CrossRef]
85.: Chang SH, Beason TS, Hunleth JM, et al. A systematic review of body fat distribution and mortality in older people. Maturitas. 2012;72(3):175–91. PMID: 22595204. 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.04.004 [PMC free article: PMC3367099] [PubMed: 22595204] [CrossRef]
86.: Donini LM, Savina C, Gennaro E, et al. A systematic review of the literature concerning the relationship between obesity and mortality in the elderly. J Nutr Health Aging. 2012;16(1):89–98. PMID: 22238007. [PMC free article: PMC3988674] [PubMed: 22238007]
87.: Janssen I, Mark AE. Elevated body mass index and mortality risk in the elderly. Obes Rev. 2007;8(1):41–59. PMID: 17212795. 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2006.00248.x [PubMed: 17212795] [CrossRef]
88.: Oreopoulos A, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Sharma AM, et al. The obesity paradox in the elderly: potential mechanisms and clinical implications. Clinics in geriatric medicine. 2009;25(4):643–59, viii. PMID: 19944265. 10.1016/j.cger.2009.07.005 [PubMed: 19944265] [CrossRef]
89.: Winter JE, MacInnis RJ, Wattanapenpaiboon N, et al. BMI and all-cause mortality in older adults: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99(4):875–90. PMID: 24452240. 10.3945/ajcn.113.068122 [PubMed: 24452240] [CrossRef]
90.: Al Snih S, Ottenbacher KJ, Markides KS, et al. The effect of obesity on disability vs mortality in older Americans. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(8):774–80. PMID: 17452539. 10.1001/archinte.167.8.774 [PubMed: 17452539] [CrossRef]
91.: Jensen GL, Friedmann JM. Obesity is associated with functional decline in community-dwelling rural older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50(5):918–23. PMID: 12028181. 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50220.x [PubMed: 12028181] [CrossRef]
92.: Zoico E, Di Francesco V, Guralnik JM, et al. Physical disability and muscular strength in relation to obesity and different body composition indexes in a sample of healthy elderly women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28(2):234–41. PMID: 14708033. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802552 [PubMed: 14708033] [CrossRef]
93.: Kramer C, Zinman B, Retnakaran R. Are metabolically healthy overweight and obesity benign conditions?: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(11):758–69. PMID: 24297192 10.7326/0003-4819-159-11-201312030-00008 [PubMed: 24297192] [CrossRef]
94.: Barry V, Baruth M, Beets M, et al. Fitness vs. fatness on all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis. Proj Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;56(4):382–90. PMID: 24438729. 10.1016/j.pcad.2013.09.002 [PubMed: 24438729] [CrossRef]
95.: Stevens J, Cai J, Evenson K, et al. Fitness and fatness as predictors of mortality from all causes and from cardiovascular disease in men and women in the lipid research clinics study. Am J Epidemiol. 2002;156(9):832–41. PMID: 12397001. [PubMed: 12397001]
96.: Hu F, Willett W, Li T, et al. Adiposity as compared with physical activity in predicting mortality among women. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(26):2694–703. PMID: 15616204. 10.1056/NEJMoa042135 [PubMed: 15616204] [CrossRef]
97.: Arem H, Moore SC, Patel A, et al. Leisure time physical activity and mortality: a detailed pooled analysis of the dose-response relationship. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(6):959–67. PMID: 25844730. 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.0533 [PMC free article: PMC4451435] [PubMed: 25844730] [CrossRef]
98.: Puhl RM, Quinn DM, Weisz BM, et al. The Role of Stigma in Weight Loss Maintenance Among U.S. Adults. Ann Behav Med. 2017. 10.1007/s12160-017-9898-9 [PubMed: 28251579] [CrossRef]
99.: Kruseman M, Schmutz N, Carrard I. Long-Term Weight Maintenance Strategies Are Experienced as a Burden by Persons Who Have Lost Weight Compared to Persons with a lifetime Normal, Stable Weight. Obes Facts. 2017;10(4):373–85. PMID: 28810238. 10.1159/000478096 [PMC free article: PMC5644938] [PubMed: 28810238] [CrossRef]
100.: Vieira PN, Silva MN, Mata J, et al. Correlates of health-related quality of life, psychological well-being, and eating self-regulation after successful weight loss maintenance. J Behav Med. 2013;36(6):601–10. PMID: 23015283. 10.1007/s10865-012-9454-9 [PubMed: 23015283] [CrossRef]
101.: Feller S, Muller A, Mayr A, et al. What distinguishes weight loss maintainers of the German Weight Control Registry from the general population? Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015;23(5):1112–8. PMID: 25864871. 10.1002/oby.21054 [PubMed: 25864871] [CrossRef]
102.: Qi L, Cho YA. Gene-environment interaction and obesity. Nutr Rev. 2008;66(12):684–94. PMID: 19019037. 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00128.x [PMC free article: PMC3683966] [PubMed: 19019037] [CrossRef]
103.: Bouchard C, Tremblay A, Despres JP, et al. The response to long-term overfeeding in identical twins. N Engl J Med. 1990;322(21):1477–82. PMID: 2336074. 10.1056/NEJM199005243222101 [PubMed: 2336074] [CrossRef]
104.: Mozaffarian D, Hao T, Rimm EB, et al. Changes in diet and lifestyle and long-term weight gain in women and men. New England Journal of Medicine. 2011;364(25):2392–404. PMID: 21696306. 10.1056/NEJMoa1014296 [PMC free article: PMC3151731] [PubMed: 21696306] [CrossRef]
105.: Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Hall KD, et al. The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments. Lancet. 2011;378(9793):804–14. PMID: 21872749. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60813-1 [PubMed: 21872749] [CrossRef]
106.: Malik VS, Pan A, Willett WC, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98(4):1084–102. PMID: 23966427. 10.3945/ajcn.113.058362 [PMC free article: PMC3778861] [PubMed: 23966427] [CrossRef]
107.: Williamson DF, Madans J, Anda RF, et al. Recreational physical activity and ten-year weight change in a US national cohort. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1993;17(5):279–86. PMID: 8389337. [PubMed: 8389337]
108.: Hu FB, Li TY, Colditz GA, et al. Television watching and other sedentary behaviors in relation to risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA. 2003;289(14):1785–91. PMID: 12684356. 10.1001/jama.289.14.1785 [PubMed: 12684356] [CrossRef]
109.: Pereira MA, Kartashov AI, Ebbeling CB, et al. Fast-food habits, weight gain, and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study): 15-year prospective analysis. Lancet. 2005;365(9453):36–42. PMID: 15639678. 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17663-0 [PubMed: 15639678] [CrossRef]
110.: Vorona RD, Winn MP, Babineau TW, et al. Overweight and obese patients in a primary care population report less sleep than patients with a normal body mass index. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(1):25–30. PMID: 15642870. 10.1001/archinte.165.1.25 [PubMed: 15642870] [CrossRef]
111.: Komaroff AL. The Microbiome and Risk for Obesity and Diabetes. JAMA. 2017;317(4):355–6. 10.1001/jama.2016.20099 [PubMed: 28006047] [CrossRef]
112.: Huang TT, Cawley JH, Ashe M, et al. Mobilisation of public support for policy actions to prevent obesity. Lancet. 2015;385(9985):2422–31. 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61743-8 [PubMed: 25703113] [CrossRef]
113.: Hawkes C, Smith TG, Jewell J, et al. Smart food policies for obesity prevention. Lancet. 2015;385(9985):2410–21. 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61745-1 [PubMed: 25703109] [CrossRef]
114.: Roberto CA, Swinburn B, Hawkes C, et al. Patchy progress on obesity prevention: emerging examples, entrenched barriers, and new thinking. Lancet. 2015;385(9985):2400–9. 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61744-X [PubMed: 25703111] [CrossRef]
115.: Loos RJ. Genetic determinants of common obesity and their value in prediction. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;26(2):211–26. 10.1016/j.beem.2011.11.003 [PubMed: 22498250] [CrossRef]
116.: Bray G. Clinical Classification and Natural History of Overweight. In: Contemporary Diagnosis and Management of Obesity and The Metabolic Syndrome. Newton, Pennsylvania: Handbooks in Health Care Co.; 2003. p. 111–43. PMID: none.
117.: Howard BV, Manson JE, Stefanick ML, et al. Low-fat dietary pattern and weight change over 7 years: the Women’s Health Initiative Dietary Modification Trial. JAMA. 2006;295(1):39–49. PMID: 16391215. 10.1001/jama.295.1.39 [PubMed: 16391215] [CrossRef]
118.: Ozanne SE. Epigenetic signatures of obesity. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(10):973–4. PMID: 25738675. 10.1056/NEJMcibr1414707 [PubMed: 25738675] [CrossRef]
119.: Sen S, Carpenter AH, Hochstadt J, et al. Nutrition, weight gain and eating behavior in pregnancy: a review of experimental evidence for long-term effects on the risk of obesity in offspring. Physiol Behav. 2012;107(1):138–45. PMID: 22546810. 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.04.014 [PubMed: 22546810] [CrossRef]
120.: Catalano PM, Farrell K, Thomas A, et al. Perinatal risk factors for childhood obesity and metabolic dysregulation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(5):1303–13. PMID: 19759171. 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27416 [PMC free article: PMC2762159] [PubMed: 19759171] [CrossRef]
121.: Power C, Jefferis BJ. Fetal environment and subsequent obesity: a study of maternal smoking. Int J Epidemiol. 2002;31(2):413–9. PMID: 11980805. [PubMed: 11980805]
122.: Dabelea D, Hanson RL, Lindsay RS, et al. Intrauterine exposure to diabetes conveys risks for type 2 diabetes and obesity: a study of discordant sibships. Diabetes. 2000;49(12):2208–11. PMID: 11118027. 10.2337/diabetes.49.12.2208 [PubMed: 11118027] [CrossRef]
123.: Harder T, Bergmann R, Kallischnigg G, et al. Duration of breastfeeding and risk of overweight: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;162(5):397–403. PMID: 16076830. 10.1093/aje/kwi222 [PubMed: 16076830] [CrossRef]
124.: Freedman DS, Khan LK, Serdula MK, et al. The relation of childhood BMI to adult adiposity: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics. 2005;115(1):22–7. PMID: 15629977. 10.1542/peds.2004-0220 [PubMed: 15629977] [CrossRef]
125.: Guo SS, Roche AF, Chumlea WC, et al. The predictive value of childhood body mass index values for overweight at age 35 y. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;59(4):810–9. PMID: 8147324. [PubMed: 8147324]
126.: McTigue KM, Garrett JM, Popkin BM. The natural history of the development of obesity in a cohort of young U.S. adults between 1981 and 1998. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(12):857–64. PMID: 12069559. 10.7326/0003-4819-136-12-200206180-00006 [PubMed: 12069559] [CrossRef]
127.: Stein CJ, Colditz GA. The epidemic of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(6):2522–5. PMID: 15181019. 10.1210/jc.2004-0288 [PubMed: 15181019] [CrossRef]
128.: McTigue K, Harris R, Hemphill B, et al. Screening and interventions for obesity in adults: summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(11):933–49. PMID: 14644897. 10.7326/0003-4819-139-11-200312020-00013 [PubMed: 14644897] [CrossRef]
129.: Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R. Waist circumference and not body mass index explains obesity-related health risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(3):379–84. PMID: 14985210. [PubMed: 14985210]
130.: Simpson JA, MacInnis RJ, Peeters A, et al. A comparison of adiposity measures as predictors of all-cause mortality: the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15(4):994–1003. PMID: 17426335. 10.1038/oby.2007.622 [PubMed: 17426335] [CrossRef]
131.: Koster A, Leitzmann MF, Schatzkin A, et al. Waist circumference and mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;167(12):1465–75. PMID: 18417494. 10.1093/aje/kwn079 [PubMed: 18417494] [CrossRef]
132.: Tsai AG, Wadden TA. In the clinic: obesity. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(5):ITC3-1–ITC3-15; quiz ITC3-6. PMID: 24026335. 10.7326/0003-4819-159-5-201309030-01003 [PubMed: 24026335] [CrossRef]
133.: Jacobs EJ, Newton CC, Wang Y, et al. Waist circumference and all-cause mortality in a large US cohort. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(15):1293–301. PMID: 20696950. 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.201 [PubMed: 20696950] [CrossRef]
134.: Hamer M, O’Donovan G, Stensel D, et al. Normal-Weight Central Obesity and Risk for Mortality. Ann Intern Med. 2017:1–2. PMID: 28437799. 10.7326/l17-0022 [PubMed: 28437799] [CrossRef]
135.: Czernichow S, Kengne AP, Huxley RR, et al. Comparison of waist-to-hip ratio and other obesity indices as predictors of cardiovascular disease risk in people with type-2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study from ADVANCE. European journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation: official journal of the European Society of Cardiology, Working Groups on Epidemiology & Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology. 2011;18(2):312–9. PMID: 20628304. 10.1097/HJR.0b013e32833c1aa3 [PMC free article: PMC4170784] [PubMed: 20628304] [CrossRef]
136.: Ashwell M, Gunn P, Gibson S. Waist-to-height ratio is a better screening tool than waist circumference and BMI for adult cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2012;13(3):275–86. PMID: 22106927. 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00952.x [PubMed: 22106927] [CrossRef]
137.: Ashwell M, Mayhew L, Richardson J, et al. Waist-to-height ratio is more predictive of years of life lost than body mass index. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e103483. PMID: 25198730. 10.1371/journal.pone.0103483 [PMC free article: PMC4157748] [PubMed: 25198730] [CrossRef]
138.: Krakauer NY, Krakauer JC. Expansion of waist circumference in medical literature: potential clinical application of a body shape index. Journal of Obesity & Weight Loss Therapy. 2014;2014. PMID: None. 10.4172/2165-7904.1000216 [CrossRef]
139.: Krakauer NY, Krakauer JC. Dynamic association of mortality hazard with body shape. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e88793. PMID: 24586394. 10.1371/journal.pone.0088793 [PMC free article: PMC3930607] [PubMed: 24586394] [CrossRef]
140.: Krakauer NY, Krakauer JC. A new body shape index predicts mortality hazard independently of body mass index. PLoS One. 2012;7(7):e39504. PMID: 22815707. 10.1371/journal.pone.0039504 [PMC free article: PMC3399847] [PubMed: 22815707] [CrossRef]
141.: Krakauer NY, Krakauer JC. An Anthropometric Risk Index Based on Combining Height, Weight, Waist, and Hip Measurements. J Obes. 2016;2016:8094275. PMID: 27830087. 10.1155/2016/8094275 [PMC free article: PMC5088335] [PubMed: 27830087] [CrossRef]
142.: Jortberg B, Myers E, Gigliotti L, et al. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: standards of practice and standards of professional performance for registered dietitian nutritionists (competent, proficient, and expert) in adult weight management. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115(4):609–18e40. PMID: 25819519. 10.1016/j.jand.2014.12.018 [PubMed: 25819519] [CrossRef]
143.: Garvey W, Garber A, Mechanick J, et al. American association of clinical endocrinologists and american college of endocrinology position statement on the 2014 advanced framework for a new diagnosis of obesity as a chronic disease. Endocr Pract. 2014;20(9):977–89. PMID: 25253227. [PMC free article: PMC4962331] [PubMed: 25253227]
144.: Stegenga H, Haines A, Jones K, et al. Identification, assessment, and management of overweight and obesity: summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ. 2014;349:g6608. PMID: 25430558. 10.1136/bmj.g6608 [PubMed: 25430558] [CrossRef]
145.: Cerhan JR, Moore SC, Jacobs EJ, et al. A pooled analysis of waist circumference and mortality in 650,000 adults. Mayo Clin Proc. 2014;89(3):335–45. PMID: 24582192. 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.11.011 [PMC free article: PMC4104704] [PubMed: 24582192] [CrossRef]
146.: Carmienke S, Freitag MH, Pischon T, et al. General and abdominal obesity parameters and their combination in relation to mortality: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2013;67(6):573–85. PMID: 23511854. 10.1038/ejcn.2013.61 [PubMed: 23511854] [CrossRef]
147.: National Institutes of Health. NHLBI obesity education initiative expert panel on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. The Evidence Report NIH. 1998:98–4083. PMID: None.
148.: World Health Organization. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio. Report of a WHO Expert Consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization, 8–11. Geneva 2008. PMID: None.
149.: Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome-a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabet Med. 2006;23(5):469–80. PMID: 16681555. 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01858.x [PubMed: 16681555] [CrossRef]
150.: Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. International Diabetes Federation: a consensus on Type 2 diabetes prevention. Diabet Med. 2007;24(5):451–63. PMID: 17470191. 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02157.x [PubMed: 17470191] [CrossRef]
151.: de Hollander EL, Bemelmans WJ, Boshuizen HC, et al. The association between waist circumference and risk of mortality considering body mass index in 65- to 74-year-olds: a meta-analysis of 29 cohorts involving more than 58 000 elderly persons. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41(3):805–17. PMID: 22467292. 10.1093/ije/dys008 [PMC free article: PMC4492417] [PubMed: 22467292] [CrossRef]
152.: Lear SA, James PT, Ko GT, et al. Appropriateness of waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio cutoffs for different ethnic groups. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64(1):42–61. PMID: 19672278. 10.1038/ejcn.2009.70 [PubMed: 19672278] [CrossRef]
153.: Stevens J, Keil JE, Rust PF, et al. Body mass index and body girths as predictors of mortality in black and white men. Am J Epidemiol. 1992;135(10):1137–46. PMID: 1632424. [PubMed: 1632424]
154.: Reis JP, Araneta MR, Wingard DL, et al. Overall obesity and abdominal adiposity as predictors of mortality in u.s. White and black adults. Ann Epidemiol. 2009;19(2):134–42. PMID: 19185808. 10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.10.008 [PubMed: 19185808] [CrossRef]
155.: Lakoski SG, Le AH, Muntner P, et al. Adiposity, inflammation, and risk for death in black and white men and women in the United States: the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(6):1805–14. PMID: 21430022. 10.1210/jc.2010-3055 [PMC free article: PMC3100756] [PubMed: 21430022] [CrossRef]
156.: Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, et al. 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. [Erratum appears in J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Jul 1;63(25 Pt B):3029–3030]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):2985–3023. PMID: 24239920. 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.004 [PubMed: 24239920] [CrossRef]
157.: Guidance for Industry Developing Products for Weight Management: Draft Guidance. https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/Guidances/ucm071612.pdf: Food and Drug Administration 2007. PMID: None.
158.: Apovian CM, Aronne LJ, Bessesen DH, et al. Pharmacological management of obesity: an endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(2):342–62. PMID: 25590212. 10.1210/jc.2014-3415 [PubMed: 25590212] [CrossRef]
159.: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). Xenical Approval Letter (NDA:020766). https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/1999/20766ltr.pdf. Accessed May 8, 2017.
160.: Davidson MH, Hauptman J, DiGirolamo M, et al. Weight control and risk factor reduction in obese subjects treated for 2 years with orlistat: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999;281(3):235–42. PMID: 9918478. 10.1001/jama.281.3.235 [PubMed: 9918478] [CrossRef]
161.: Torgerson JS, Hauptman J, Boldrin MN, et al. XENical in the prevention of diabetes in obese subjects (XENDOS) study: a randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese patients. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(1):155–61. PMID: 14693982. 10.2337/diacare.27.1.155 [PubMed: 14693982] [CrossRef]
162.: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). Alli Approval Letter (NDA:21-887). https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2007/021887s000ltr.pdf. Accessed May 8, 2017.
163.: Kim GW, Lin JE, Blomain ES, et al. Antiobesity pharmacotherapy: new drugs and emerging targets. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. 2014;95(1):53–66. PMID: 24105257. 10.1038/clpt.2013.204 [PMC free article: PMC4054704] [PubMed: 24105257] [CrossRef]
164.: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). Qsymia Approval Letter (NDA:022580). https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2012/022580Origs000ltr.pdf. Accessed May 8, 2017.
165.: Bray GA, Hollander P, Klein S, et al. A 6-month randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial of topiramate for weight loss in obesity. Obes Res. 2003;11(6):722–33. PMID: 12805393. 10.1038/oby.2003.102 [PubMed: 12805393] [CrossRef]
166.: Wilding J, Van Gaal L, Rissanen A, et al. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study of the long-term efficacy and safety of topiramate in the treatment of obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28(11):1399–410. PMID: 15486569. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802783 [PubMed: 15486569] [CrossRef]
167.: Astrup A, Caterson I, Zelissen P, et al. Topiramate: long-term maintenance of weight loss induced by a low-calorie diet in obese subjects. Obes Res. 2004;12(10):1658–69. PMID: 15536230. 10.1038/oby.2004.206 [PubMed: 15536230] [CrossRef]
168.: Aronne LJ, Wadden TA, Peterson C, et al. Evaluation of phentermine and topiramate versus phentermine/topiramate extended-release in obese adults. Obesity. 2013;21(11):2163–71. PMID: 24136928. 10.1002/oby.20584 [PubMed: 24136928] [CrossRef]
169.: Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA. Long-term drug treatment for obesity: a systematic and clinical review. JAMA. 2014;311(1):74–86. PMID: 24231879. 10.1001/jama.2013.281361 [PMC free article: PMC3928674] [PubMed: 24231879] [CrossRef]
170.: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). Belviq Approval Letter (NDA:022529). https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2012/022529Orig1s000ltr.pdf. Accessed May 8, 2017.
171.: Smith SR, Prosser WA, Donahue DJ, et al. Lorcaserin (APD356), a selective 5-HT(2C) agonist, reduces body weight in obese men and women. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009;17(3):494–503. PMID: 19057523. 10.1038/oby.2008.537 [PubMed: 19057523] [CrossRef]
172.: Smith SR, Weissman NJ, Anderson CM, et al. Multicenter, placebo-controlled trial of lorcaserin for weight management. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(3):245–56. PMID: 20647200. 10.1056/NEJMoa0909809 [PubMed: 20647200] [CrossRef]
173.: Fidler MC, Sanchez M, Raether B, et al. A one-year randomized trial of lorcaserin for weight loss in obese and overweight adults: the BLOSSOM trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(10):3067–77. PMID: 21795446. 10.1210/jc.2011-1256 [PubMed: 21795446] [CrossRef]
174.: O’Neil PM, Smith SR, Weissman NJ, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of lorcaserin for weight loss in type 2 diabetes mellitus: the BLOOM-DM study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2012;20(7):1426–36. PMID: 22421927. 10.1038/oby.2012.66 [PubMed: 22421927] [CrossRef]
175.: Carroll FI, Blough BE, Mascarella SW, et al. Bupropion and bupropion analogs as treatments for CNS disorders. Advances in pharmacology. 2014;69:177–216. PMID: 24484978. 10.1016/B978-0-12-420118-7.00005-6 [PubMed: 24484978] [CrossRef]
176.: Gadde KM, Parker CB, Maner LG, et al. Bupropion for weight loss: an investigation of efficacy and tolerability in overweight and obese women. Obes Res. 2001;9(9):544–51. PMID: 11557835. 10.1038/oby.2001.71 [PubMed: 11557835] [CrossRef]
177.: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). Saxenda Approval Letter (NDA:206321). https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/appletter/2014/206321Orig1s000ltr.pdf. Accessed May 8, 2017.
178.: Morton GJ, Cummings DE, Baskin DG, et al. Central nervous system control of food intake and body weight. Nature. 2006;443(7109):289–95. PMID: 16988703. 10.1038/nature05026 [PubMed: 16988703] [CrossRef]
179.: Arterburn D, Fisher D. The Current State of the Evidence for Bariatric Surgery. JAMA. 2014;312(9):898–9. PMID: 25182097 10.1001/jama.2014.10940 [PubMed: 25182097] [CrossRef]
180.: Buchwald H, Oien DM. Metabolic/bariatric surgery worldwide 2011. Obes Surg. 2013;23(4):427–36. PMID: 23338049. 10.1007/s11695-012-0864-0 [PubMed: 23338049] [CrossRef]
181.: Dixon JB, Lambert EA, Lambert GW. Neuroendocrine adaptations to bariatric surgery. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2015. PMID: 26044866. 10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.033 [PubMed: 26044866] [CrossRef]
182.: Brauer P, Connor Gorber S, Shaw E, et al. Recommendations for prevention of weight gain and use of behavioural and pharmacologic interventions to manage overweight and obesity in adults in primary care. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l’Association medicale canadienne. 2015;187(3):184–95. PMID: 25623643. 10.1503/cmaj.140887 [PMC free article: PMC4330141] [PubMed: 25623643] [CrossRef]
183.: Smith AW, Borowski LA, Liu B, et al. U.S. primary care physicians’ diet-, physical activity-, and weight-related care of adult patients. Am J Prev Med. 2011;41(1):33–42. PMID: 21665061. 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.03.017 [PMC free article: PMC3142674] [PubMed: 21665061] [CrossRef]
184.: Steeves JA, Liu B, Willis G, et al. Physicians’ personal beliefs about weight-related care and their associations with care delivery: The U.S. National Survey of Energy Balance Related Care among Primary Care Physicians. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2015;9(3):243–55. PMID: 25175671. 10.1016/j.orcp.2014.08.002 [PubMed: 25175671] [CrossRef]
185.: Glauser TA, Roepke N, Stevenin B, et al. Physician knowledge about and perceptions of obesity management. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2015. PMID: 25791741. 10.1016/j.orcp.2015.02.011 [PubMed: 25791741] [CrossRef]
186.: World Health Organization Western Pacific Region. The Asia-Pacific perspective: Redefining obesity and its treatment. Melbourne: 2000. PMID: none.
187.: Gallagher C. OCC Health Policy Memo: Summary of State Benchmark Plan Coverage of Obesity Treatment Services 2012 [cited Workplan.
188.: Kraschnewski JL, Sciamanna CN, Stuckey HL, et al. A silent response to the obesity epidemic: decline in US physician weight counseling. Med Care. 2013;51(2):186–92. PMID: 23047128. 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3182726c33 [PubMed: 23047128] [CrossRef]
189.: Ma J, Xiao L, Yank V. Variations between obese Latinos and whites in weight-related counseling during preventive clinical visits in the United States. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(8):1734–41. PMID: 23696497. 10.1002/oby.20285 [PubMed: 23696497] [CrossRef]
190.: Ma J, Xiao L, Stafford RS. Underdiagnosis of obesity in adults in US outpatient settings. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(3):313–4. PMID: 19204224. 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.582 [PMC free article: PMC2672042] [PubMed: 19204224] [CrossRef]
191.: Simkin-Silverman LR, Gleason KA, King WC, et al. Predictors of weight control advice in primary care practices: patient health and psychosocial characteristics. Prev Med. 2005;40(1):71–82. PMID: 15530583. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.05.012 [PubMed: 15530583] [CrossRef]
192.: Stafford RS, Farhat JH, Misra B, et al. National patterns of physician activities related to obesity management. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9(7):631–8. PMID: 10910311. [PubMed: 10910311]
193.: Bleich SN, Bandara S, Bennett W, et al. Enhancing the role of nutrition professionals in weight management: A cross-sectional survey. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015;23(2):454–60. PMID: 25445319. 10.1002/oby.20945 [PMC free article: PMC4310773] [PubMed: 25445319] [CrossRef]
194.: Dahlin A, Beermann B. Incorrect use of orlistat and sibutramine in clinical practice. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;63(2):205–9. PMID: 17205321. 10.1007/s00228-006-0226-8 [PubMed: 17205321] [CrossRef]
195.: Thomas CE, Mauer EA, Shukla AP, et al. Low adoption of weight loss medications: A comparison of prescribing patterns of antiobesity pharmacotherapies and SGLT2s. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;24(9):1955–61. PMID: 27569120. 10.1002/oby.21533 [PMC free article: PMC5669035] [PubMed: 27569120] [CrossRef]
196.: Moyer VA, Force USPST. Screening for and management of obesity in adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. [Summary for patients in Ann Intern Med. 2012 Sep 4;157(5):I–32; PMID: 22733111]. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(5):373-8. PMID: 22733087. 10.7326/0003-4819-157-5-201209040-00475 [PubMed: 22733111] [CrossRef]
197.: LeBlanc E, O’Connor E, Whitlock EP, et al. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses, formerly Systematic Evidence Reviews. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2011. PMID: 22049569.
198.: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Procedure Manual. Rockville, MD: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force; 2015. PMID: None.
199.: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for Obesity in Children and Adolescents US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2017;317(23):2417–26. PMID: None. 10.1001/jama.2017.6803 [PubMed: 28632874] [CrossRef]
200.: List of OECD Member countries - Ratification of the Convention on the OECD. http://www.oecd.org/about/membersandpartners/list-oecd-member-countries.htm. Accessed 3/28/2017, 2017.
201.: Elobeid MA, Padilla MA, McVie T, et al. Missing data in randomized clinical trials for weight loss: scope of the problem, state of the field, and performance of statistical methods. PLoS One. 2009;4(8):e6624. PMID: 19675667. 10.1371/journal.pone.0006624 [PMC free article: PMC2720539] [PubMed: 19675667] [CrossRef]
202.: Pritchard DA, Hyndman J, Taba F. Nutritional counselling in general practice: a cost effective analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999;53(5):311–6. PMID: 10396539. 10.1136/jech.53.5.311 [PMC free article: PMC1756872] [PubMed: 10396539] [CrossRef]
203.: Davis BR, Oberman A, Blaufox MD, et al. Effect of antihypertensive therapy on weight loss. The Trial of Antihypertensive Interventions and Management Research Group. Hypertension. 1992;19(4):393–9. PMID: 1555871. 10.1161/01.HYP.19.4.393 [PubMed: 1555871] [CrossRef]
204.: DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986;7(3):177–88. PMID: 3802833. 10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2 [PubMed: 3802833] [CrossRef]
205.: Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):393–403. PMID: 11832527. 10.1056/NEJMoa012512 [PMC free article: PMC1370926] [PubMed: 11832527] [CrossRef]
206.: Wadden T, Volger S, Sarwer D, et al. A two-year randomized trial of obesity treatment in primary care practice. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(21):1969–79. PMID: 22082239 10.1056/NEJMoa1109220 [PMC free article: PMC3282598] [PubMed: 22082239] [CrossRef]
207.: Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21(11):1539–58. PMID: 12111919. 10.1002/sim.1186 [PubMed: 12111919] [CrossRef]
208.: The Cochrane Collaboration. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Version 5.1.0. Higgins J, Green S, editors. The Cochrane Collaboration. 2011. PMID: None.
209.: Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629–34. PMID: 9310563. 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 [PMC free article: PMC2127453] [PubMed: 9310563] [CrossRef]
210.: Peters JL, Sutton AJ, Jones DR, et al. Comparison of two methods to detect publication bias in meta-analysis. JAMA. 2006;295(6):676–80. PMID: 16467236. 10.1001/jama.295.6.676 [PubMed: 16467236] [CrossRef]
211.: Berkman N, Lohr K, Ansari M, et al. Grading the Strength of a Body of Evidence When Assessing Health Care Interventions for the Effective Health Care Program of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: An Update. Methods Guide for Effectiveness and Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. AHRQ Publication No. 10(14)-EHC063-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2014. p. 314–49. PMID: None.
212.: Atkins D, Eccles M, Flottorp S, et al. Systems for grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations I: critical appraisal of existing approaches The GRADE Working Group. BMC Health Serv Res. 2004;4(1):38. PMID: 15615589. 10.1186/1472-6963-4-38 [PMC free article: PMC545647] [PubMed: 15615589] [CrossRef]
213.: Acharya NV, Wilton LV, Shakir SA. Safety profile of orlistat: results of a prescription-event monitoring study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006;30(11):1645–52. PMID: 16552401. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803323 [PubMed: 16552401] [CrossRef]
214.: Ackermann RT, Finch E, Brizendine E, et al. Translating the Diabetes Prevention Program into the community. The DEPLOY Pilot Study. Am J Prev Med. 2008;35(4):357–63. PMID: 18779029. 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.06.035 [PMC free article: PMC2610485] [PubMed: 18779029] [CrossRef]
215.: Ackermann RT, Liss DT, Finch EA, et al. A Randomized Comparative Effectiveness Trial for Preventing Type 2 Diabetes. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(11):2328–34. PMID: 26378828. 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302641 [PMC free article: PMC4605179] [PubMed: 26378828] [CrossRef]
216.: Allison DB, Gadde KM, Garvey WT, et al. Controlled-release phentermine/topiramate in severely obese adults: a randomized controlled trial (EQUIP). Obesity. 2012;20(2):330–42. PMID: 22051941. 10.1038/oby.2011.330 [PMC free article: PMC3270297] [PubMed: 22051941] [CrossRef]
217.: Anderson AS, Craigie AM, Caswell S, et al. The impact of a bodyweight and physical activity intervention (BeWEL) initiated through a national colorectal cancer screening programme: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2014;348:g1823. PMID: 24609919. 10.1136/bmj.g1823 [PMC free article: PMC3945930] [PubMed: 24609919] [CrossRef]
218.: Apovian CM, Aronne L, Rubino D, et al. A randomized, phase 3 trial of naltrexone SR/bupropion SR on weight and obesity-related risk factors (COR-II). Obesity. 2013;21(5):935–43. PMID: 23408728. 10.1002/oby.20309 [PMC free article: PMC3739931] [PubMed: 23408728] [CrossRef]
219.: Appel L, Clark J, Yeh H, et al. Comparative effectiveness of weight-loss interventions in clinical practice. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(21):1959–68. PMID: 22085317 10.1056/NEJMoa1108660 [PMC free article: PMC4074540] [PubMed: 22085317] [CrossRef]
220.: Astrup A, Carraro R, Finer N, et al. Safety, tolerability and sustained weight loss over 2 years with the once-daily human GLP-1 analog, liraglutide. Int J Obes (Lond). 2012;36(6):vill843–54. PMID: 21844879. 10.1038/ijo.2011.158 [PMC free article: PMC3374073] [PubMed: 21844879] [CrossRef]
221.: Aveyard P, Lewis A, Tearne S, et al. Screening and brief intervention for obesity in primary care: a parallel, two-arm, randomised trial. Lancet. 2016. PMID: 27789061. 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31893-1 [PMC free article: PMC5121130] [PubMed: 27789061] [CrossRef]
222.: Bakris G, Calhoun D, Egan B, et al. Orlistat improves blood pressure control in obese subjects with treated but inadequately controlled hypertension. J Hypertens. 2002;20(11):2257–67. PMID: 12409965. [PubMed: 12409965]
223.: Befort CA, Klemp JR, Sullivan DK, et al. Weight loss maintenance strategies among rural breast cancer survivors: The rural women connecting for better health trial. Obesity. 2016;24(10):2070–7. PMID: 27581328. 10.1002/oby.21625 [PMC free article: PMC5039073] [PubMed: 27581328] [CrossRef]
224.: Bennett GG, Warner ET, Glasgow RE, et al. Obesity treatment for socioeconomically disadvantaged patients in primary care practice. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(7):565–74. PMID: 22412073. 10.1001/archinternmed.2012.1 [PMC free article: PMC3609656] [PubMed: 22412073] [CrossRef]
225.: Bhopal RS, Douglas A, Wallia S, et al. Effect of a lifestyle intervention on weight change in south Asian individuals in the UK at high risk of type 2 diabetes: a family-cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2(3):218–27. PMID: 24622752. 10.1016/S2213-8587(13)70204-3 [PubMed: 24622752] [CrossRef]
226.: Broom I, Hughes E, Dodson P, et al. The role of orlistat in the treatment of obese patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolaemia: consequences for coronary risk. Br J Cardiol. 2002;9(8):460–8. PMID: None.
227.: Broom I, Wilding J, Stott P, et al. Randomised trial of the effect of orlistat on body weight and cardiovascular disease risk profile in obese patients: UK Multimorbidity Study. Int J Clin Pract. 2002;56(7):494–9. PMID: 12296610 [PubMed: 12296610]
228.: Burke V, Beilin LJ, Cutt HE, et al. Effects of a lifestyle programme on ambulatory blood pressure and drug dosage in treated hypertensive patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Hypertens. 2005;23(6):1241–9. PMID: 15894901. 10.1097/01.hjh.0000170388.61579.4f [PubMed: 15894901] [CrossRef]
229.: Cadmus-Bertram L, Nelson SH, Hartman S, et al. Randomized trial of a phone- and web-based weight loss program for women at elevated breast cancer risk: the HELP study. J Behav Med. 2016;39(4):551–9. PMID: 27012848. 10.1007/s10865-016-9735-9 [PMC free article: PMC4945463] [PubMed: 27012848] [CrossRef]
230.: Chirinos DA, Goldberg RB, Llabre MM, et al. Lifestyle modification and weight reduction among low-income patients with the metabolic syndrome: the CHARMS randomized controlled trial. J Behav Med. 2016;39(3):483–92. PMID: 26846133. 10.1007/s10865-016-9721-2 [PubMed: 26846133] [CrossRef]
231.: Christian JG, Byers TE, Christian KK, et al. A computer support program that helps clinicians provide patients with metabolic syndrome tailored counseling to promote weight loss. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011;111(1):75–83. PMID: 21185968. 10.1016/j.jada.2010.10.006 [PubMed: 21185968] [CrossRef]
232.: Cohen MD, D’Amico FJ, Merenstein JH. Weight reduction in obese hypertensive patients. Fam Med. 1991;23(1):25–8. PMID: 2001777. [PubMed: 2001777]
233.: Cussler EC, Teixeira PJ, Going SB, et al. Maintenance of weight loss in overweight middle-aged women through the Internet. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(5):1052–60. PMID: 18309301 10.1038/oby.2008.19 [PubMed: 18309301] [CrossRef]
234.: de Vos BC, Runhaar J, Bierma-Zeinstra SM. Effectiveness of a tailor-made weight loss intervention in primary care. Eur J Nutr. 2014;53(1):95–104. PMID: 23429925. 10.1007/s00394-013-0505-y [PubMed: 23429925] [CrossRef]
235.: Demark-Wahnefried W, Jones LW, Snyder DC, et al. Daughters and Mothers Against Breast Cancer (DAMES): main outcomes of a randomized controlled trial of weight loss in overweight mothers with breast cancer and their overweight daughters. Cancer. 2014;120(16):2522–34. PMID: 24804802. 10.1002/cncr.28761 [PMC free article: PMC4232005] [PubMed: 24804802] [CrossRef]
236.: Derosa G, Mugellini A, Ciccarelli L, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of the action of orlistat, fluvastatin, or both an anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and lipid profile in obese patients with hypercholesterolemia prescribed a standardized diet. Clin Ther. 2003;25(4):1107–22. PMID: 12809960. 10.1016/S0149-2918(03)80070-X [PubMed: 12809960] [CrossRef]
237.: Eaton CB, Hartman SJ, Perzanowski E, et al. A Randomized Clinical Trial of a Tailored Lifestyle Intervention for Obese, Sedentary, Primary Care Patients. Ann Fam Med. 2016;14(4):311–9. PMID: 27401418. 10.1370/afm.1952 [PMC free article: PMC4940460] [PubMed: 27401418] [CrossRef]
238.: Farr OM, Upadhyay J, Gavrieli A, et al. Lorcaserin Administration Decreases Activation of Brain Centers in Response to Food Cues and These Emotion- and Salience-Related Changes Correlate With Weight Loss Effects: A 4-Week-Long Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial. Diabetes. 2016;65(10):2943–53. PMID: 27385157. 10.2337/db16-0635 [PMC free article: PMC5033259] [PubMed: 27385157] [CrossRef]
239.: Finer N, James WP, Kopelman PG, et al. One-year treatment of obesity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study of orlistat, a gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24(3):306–13. PMID: 10757623. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801128 [PubMed: 10757623] [CrossRef]
240.: Fitzgibbon ML, Stolley MR, Schiffer L, et al. Obesity Reduction Black Intervention Trial (ORBIT): 18-Month Results. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010;18(12):2317–25. PMID: 20300081. 10.1038/oby.2010.47 [PMC free article: PMC3775663] [PubMed: 20300081] [CrossRef]
241.: Gadde KM, Allison DB, Ryan DH, et al. Effects of low-dose, controlled-release, phentermine plus topiramate combination on weight and associated comorbidities in overweight and obese adults (CONQUER): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.[Erratum appears in Lancet. 2011 Apr 30;377(9776):1494]. Lancet. 2011;377(9774):1341–52. PMID: 21481449. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60205-5 [PubMed: 21481449] [CrossRef]
242.: Godino JG, Merchant G, Norman GJ, et al. Using social and mobile tools for weight loss in overweight and obese young adults (Project SMART): a 2 year, parallel-group, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4(9):747–55. PMID: 27426247. 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30105-X [PMC free article: PMC5005009] [PubMed: 27426247] [CrossRef]
243.: Greaves C, Gillison F, Stathi A, et al. Waste the waist: a pilot randomised controlled trial of a primary care based intervention to support lifestyle change in people with high cardiovascular risk. Int. 2015;12:1. PMID: 25592201. 10.1186/s12966-014-0159-z [PMC free article: PMC4304605] [PubMed: 25592201] [CrossRef]
244.: Greenway FL, Fujioka K, Plodkowski RA, et al. Effect of naltrexone plus bupropion on weight loss in overweight and obese adults (COR-I): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.[Erratum appears in Lancet. 2010 Oct 23;376(9750):1392], [Erratum appears in Lancet. 2010 Aug 21;376(9741):594]. Lancet. 2010;376(9741):595–605. PMID: 20673995. 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60888-4 [PubMed: 20673995] [CrossRef]
245.: Haapala I, Barengo NC, Biggs S, et al. Weight loss by mobile phone: a 1-year effectiveness study. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12(12):2382–91. PMID: 19323865. 10.1017/S1368980009005230 [PubMed: 19323865] [CrossRef]
246.: Hauptman J, Lucas C, Boldrin MN, et al. Orlistat in the long-term treatment of obesity in primary care settings. Arch Fam Med. 2000;9(2):160–7. PMID: 10693734. [PubMed: 10693734]
247.: Hill JO, Hauptman J, Anderson JW, et al. Orlistat, a lipase inhibitor, for weight maintenance after conventional dieting: a 1-y study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(6):1108–16. PMID: 10357727. [PubMed: 10357727]
248.: Hong JL, Meier CR, Sandler RS, et al. Risk of colorectal cancer after initiation of orlistat: matched cohort study. BMJ. 2013;347:f5039. PMID: 23982291. 10.1136/bmj.f5039 [PMC free article: PMC3754767] [PubMed: 23982291] [CrossRef]
249.: Hunt K, Wyke S, Gray CM, et al. A gender-sensitised weight loss and healthy living programme for overweight and obese men delivered by Scottish Premier League football clubs (FFIT): a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;383(9924):1211–21. PMID: 24457205. 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62420-4 [PMC free article: PMC4524002] [PubMed: 24457205] [CrossRef]
250.: Huseinovic E, Bertz F, Leu Agelii M, et al. Effectiveness of a weight loss intervention in postpartum women: results from a randomized controlled trial in primary health care. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104(2):362–70. PMID: 27413127. 10.3945/ajcn.116.135673 [PubMed: 27413127] [CrossRef]
251.: Jakicic JM, Otto AD, Lang W, et al. The effect of physical activity on 18-month weight change in overweight adults. Obesity. 2011;19(1):100–9. PMID: 20539299. 10.1038/oby.2010.122 [PMC free article: PMC4427898] [PubMed: 20539299] [CrossRef]
252.: Jansson SP, Engfeldt P, Magnuson A, et al. Interventions for lifestyle changes to promote weight reduction, a randomized controlled trial in primary health care. BMC Res Notes. 2013;6:213. PMID: 23711165. 10.1186/1756-0500-6-213 [PMC free article: PMC3673825] [PubMed: 23711165] [CrossRef]
253.: Jebb SA, Ahern AL, Olson AD, et al. Primary care referral to a commercial provider for weight loss treatment versus standard care: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;378(9801):1485–92. PMID: 21906798. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61344-5 [PMC free article: PMC3207352] [PubMed: 21906798] [CrossRef]
254.: Jeffery RW, Wing RR, Thorson C, et al. Strengthening behavioral interventions for weight loss: a randomized trial of food provision and monetary incentives. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1993;61(6):1038–45. PMID: 8113481. 10.1037/0022-006X.61.6.1038 [PubMed: 8113481] [CrossRef]
255.: Jolly K, Lewis A, Beach J, et al. Comparison of range of commercial or primary care led weight reduction programmes with minimal intervention control for weight loss in obesity: lighten Up randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2011;343:d6500. PMID: 22053315. 10.1136/bmj.d6500 [PMC free article: PMC3208022] [PubMed: 22053315] [CrossRef]
256.: Jones DW, Miller ME, Wofford MR, et al. The effect of weight loss intervention on antihypertensive medication requirements in the hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) study. Am J Hypertens. 1999;12(12 Pt 1-2):1175–80. PMID: 10619579. [PubMed: 10619579]
257.: Kanke S, Kawai T, Takasawa N, et al. Interventions for body weight reduction in obese patients during short consultations: an open-label randomized controlled trial in the Japanese primary care setting. Asia Pac Fam Med. 2015;14(1):5. PMID: 26015773. 10.1186/s12930-015-0022-7 [PMC free article: PMC4443656] [PubMed: 26015773] [CrossRef]
258.: Katula JA, Vitolins MZ, Rosenberger EL, et al. One-year results of a community-based translation of the Diabetes Prevention Program: Healthy-Living Partnerships to Prevent Diabetes (HELP PD) Project.[Erratum appears in Diabetes Care. 2012 Feb;35(2):455]. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(7):1451–7. PMID: 21593290. 10.2337/dc10-2115 [PMC free article: PMC3120203] [PubMed: 21593290] [CrossRef]
259.: Kim SH, Abbasi F, Lamendola C, et al. Benefits of liraglutide treatment in overweight and obese older individuals with prediabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(10):3276–82. PMID: 23835684. 10.2337/dc13-0354 [PMC free article: PMC3781545] [PubMed: 23835684] [CrossRef]
260.: Krempf M, Louvet JP, Allanic H, et al. Weight reduction and long-term maintenance after 18 months treatment with orlistat for obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(5):591–7. PMID: 12704403. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802281 [PubMed: 12704403] [CrossRef]
261.: Kuller LH, Pettee Gabriel KK, Kinzel LS, et al. The Women on the Move Through Activity and Nutrition (WOMAN) study: final 48-month results. Obesity. 2012;20(3):636–43. PMID: 21494228. 10.1038/oby.2011.80 [PMC free article: PMC3623568] [PubMed: 21494228] [CrossRef]
262.: Kulzer B, Hermanns N, Gorges D, et al. Prevention of diabetes self-management program (PREDIAS): effects on weight, metabolic risk factors, and behavioral outcomes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(7):1143–6. PMID: 19509014 10.2337/dc08-2141 [PMC free article: PMC2699739] [PubMed: 19509014] [CrossRef]
263.: Lindgarde F. The effect of orlistat on body weight and coronary heart disease risk profile in obese patients: the Swedish Multimorbidity Study. J Intern Med. 2000;248(3):245–54. PMID: 10971792. 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2000.00720.x [PubMed: 10971792] [CrossRef]
264.: Little P, Stuart B, Hobbs FR, et al. An internet-based intervention with brief nurse support to manage obesity in primary care (POWeR+): a pragmatic, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4(10):821–8. PMID: 27474214. 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30099-7 [PubMed: 27474214] [CrossRef]
265.: Luley C, Blaik A, Gotz A, et al. Weight loss by telemonitoring of nutrition and physical activity in patients with metabolic syndrome for 1 year. J Am Coll Nutr. 2014;33(5):363–74. PMID: 25105874. 10.1080/07315724.2013.875437 [PubMed: 25105874] [CrossRef]
266.: Ma J, Yank V, Xiao L, et al. Translating the Diabetes Prevention Program lifestyle intervention for weight loss into primary care: a randomized trial. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2013;173(2):113–21. PMID: 23229846. 10.1001/2013.jamainternmed.987 [PMC free article: PMC3856315] [PubMed: 23229846] [CrossRef]
267.: Marrero DG, Palmer KN, Phillips EO, et al. Comparison of Commercial and Self-Initiated Weight Loss Programs in People With Prediabetes: A Randomized Control Trial. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(5):949–56. PMID: 26890171. 10.2105/AJPH.2015.303035 [PMC free article: PMC4985082] [PubMed: 26890171] [CrossRef]
268.: Martin CK, Redman LM, Zhang J, et al. Lorcaserin, a 5-HT(2C) receptor agonist, reduces body weight by decreasing energy intake without influencing energy expenditure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(3):837–45. PMID: 21190985. 10.1210/jc.2010-1848 [PMC free article: PMC3047218] [PubMed: 21190985] [CrossRef]
269.: Martin PD, Dutton GR, Rhode PC, et al. Weight loss maintenance following a primary care intervention for low-income minority women. Obesity. 2008;16(11):2462–7. PMID: 18787526. 10.1038/oby.2008.399 [PMC free article: PMC2753427] [PubMed: 18787526] [CrossRef]
270.: Mitsui T, Shimaoka K, Tsuzuku S, et al. Gentle exercise of 40 minutes with dietary counseling is effective in treating metabolic syndrome. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2008;215(4):355–61. PMID: 18679010 10.1620/tjem.215.355 [PubMed: 18679010] [CrossRef]
271.: Moore H, Summerbell CD, Greenwood DC, et al. Improving management of obesity in primary care: cluster randomised trial. BMJ. 2003;327(7423):1085. PMID: 14604931. 10.1136/bmj.327.7423.1085 [PMC free article: PMC261745] [PubMed: 14604931] [CrossRef]
272.: Morgan PJ, Lubans DR, Collins CE, et al. 12-month outcomes and process evaluation of the SHED-IT RCT: an internet-based weight loss program targeting men. Obesity. 2011;19(1):142–51. PMID: 20523304. 10.1038/oby.2010.119 [PubMed: 20523304] [CrossRef]
273.: Muls E, Kolanowski J, Scheen A, et al. The effects of orlistat on weight and on serum lipids in obese patients with hypercholesterolemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(11):1713–21. PMID: 11753595. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801814 [PubMed: 11753595] [CrossRef]
274.: Nakade M, Aiba N, Suda N, et al. Behavioral change during weight loss program and one-year follow-up: Saku Control Obesity Program (SCOP) in Japan. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2012;21(1):22–34. PMID: 22374557. [PubMed: 22374557]
275.: Nanchahal K, Power T, Holdsworth E, et al. A pragmatic randomised controlled trial in primary care of the Camden Weight Loss (CAMWEL) programme. BMJ Open. 2012;2(3). PMID: 22561352. 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000793 [PMC free article: PMC3353130] [PubMed: 22561352] [CrossRef]
276.: Narayan KM, Hoskin M, Kozak D, et al. Randomized clinical trial of lifestyle interventions in Pima Indians: a pilot study. Diabet Med. 1998;15(1):66–72. PMID: 9472866. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199801)15:1<66::AID-DIA515>3.0.CO;2-A [PubMed: 9472866] [CrossRef]
277.: Nicklas JM, Zera CA, England LJ, et al. A web-based lifestyle intervention for women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;124(3):563–70. PMID: 25162257. 10.1097/AOG.0000000000000420 [PMC free article: PMC4401073] [PubMed: 25162257] [CrossRef]
278.: Ockene IS, Tellez TL, Rosal MC, et al. Outcomes of a Latino community-based intervention for the prevention of diabetes: the Lawrence Latino Diabetes Prevention Project. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(2):336–42. PMID: 22390448. 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300357 [PMC free article: PMC3483988] [PubMed: 22390448] [CrossRef]
279.: Pacanowski CR, Levitsky DA. Frequent Self-Weighing and Visual Feedback for Weight Loss in Overweight Adults. J Obes. 2015;2015:763680. PMID: 26064677. 10.1155/2015/763680 [PMC free article: PMC4443883] [PubMed: 26064677] [CrossRef]
280.: Parikh P, Simon EP, Fei K, et al. Results of a pilot diabetes prevention intervention in East Harlem, New York City: Project HEED. Am J Public Health. 2010;100: Suppl 1:S232–S9. PMID: 20147680 10.2105/AJPH.2009.170910 [PMC free article: PMC2837455] [PubMed: 20147680] [CrossRef]
281.: Patrick K, Calfas KJ, Norman GJ, et al. Outcomes of a 12-month web-based intervention for overweight and obese men. Ann Behav Med. 2011;42(3):391–401. PMID: 21822750. 10.1007/s12160-011-9296-7 [PubMed: 21822750] [CrossRef]
282.: Pekkarinen T, Kaukua J, Mustajoki P. Long-term weight maintenance after a 17-week weight loss intervention with or without a one-year maintenance program: a randomized controlled trial. J Obes. 2015;2015:651460. PMID: 25918644. 10.1155/2015/651460 [PMC free article: PMC4396554] [PubMed: 25918644] [CrossRef]
283.: Penn L, White M, Oldroyd J, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes in adults with impaired glucose tolerance: the European Diabetes Prevention RCT in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:342. PMID: 19758428. 10.1186/1471-2458-9-342 [PMC free article: PMC2760530] [PubMed: 19758428] [CrossRef]
284.: Perri MG, McAllister DA, Gange JJ, et al. Effects of four maintenance programs on the long-term management of obesity. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988;56(4):529–34. PMID: 2848874. 10.1037/0022-006X.56.4.529 [PubMed: 2848874] [CrossRef]
285.: Pi-Sunyer X, Astrup A, Fujioka K, et al. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(1):11–22. PMID: 26132939. 10.1056/NEJMoa1411892 [PubMed: 26132939] [CrossRef]
286.: Puhkala J, Kukkonen-Harjula K, Mansikkamaki K, et al. Lifestyle counseling to reduce body weight and cardiometabolic risk factors among truck and bus drivers-a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2015;41(1):54–64. PMID: 25310464. 10.5271/sjweh.3463 [PubMed: 25310464] [CrossRef]
287.: Richelsen B, Tonstad S, Rossner S, et al. Effect of orlistat on weight regain and cardiovascular risk factors following a very-low-energy diet in abdominally obese patients: a 3-year randomized, placebo-controlled study. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(1):27–32. PMID: 17192328. 10.2337/dc06-0210 [PubMed: 17192328] [CrossRef]
288.: Rock CL, Flatt SW, Byers TE, et al. Results of the Exercise and Nutrition to Enhance Recovery and Good Health for You (ENERGY) Trial: A Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention in Overweight or Obese Breast Cancer Survivors. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(28):3169–76. PMID: 26282657. 10.1200/JCO.2015.61.1095 [PMC free article: PMC4582146] [PubMed: 26282657] [CrossRef]
289.: Rock CL, Pakiz B, Flatt SW, et al. Randomized trial of a multifaceted commercial weight loss program. Obesity. 2007;15(4):939–49. PMID: 17426329. 10.1038/oby.2007.614 [PubMed: 17426329] [CrossRef]
290.: Rosas LG, Thiyagarajan S, Goldstein BA, et al. The effectiveness of two community-based weight loss strategies among obese, low-income US Latinos. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115(4):537–50.e2. PMID: 25578925. 10.1016/j.jand.2014.10.020 [PMC free article: PMC4380577] [PubMed: 25578925] [CrossRef]
291.: Ross R, Lam M, Blair SN, et al. Trial of prevention and reduction of obesity through active living in clinical settings: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(5):414–24. PMID: 22371872. 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.1972 [PubMed: 22371872] [CrossRef]
292.: Rossner S, Sjostrom L, Noack R, et al. Weight loss, weight maintenance, and improved cardiovascular risk factors after 2 years treatment with orlistat for obesity. European Orlistat Obesity Study Group. Obes Res. 2000;8(1):49–61. PMID: 10678259. 10.1038/oby.2000.8 [PubMed: 10678259] [CrossRef]
293.: Shapiro JR, Koro T, Doran N, et al. Text4Diet: a randomized controlled study using text messaging for weight loss behaviors. Prev Med. 2012;55(5):412–7. PMID: 22944150. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.08.011 [PubMed: 22944150] [CrossRef]
294.: Sherwood NE, Crain AL, Martinson BC, et al. Enhancing long-term weight loss maintenance: 2 year results from the Keep It Off randomized controlled trial. Prev Med. 2013;56(3-4):171–7. PMID: 23276775. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.12.014 [PMC free article: PMC3582705] [PubMed: 23276775] [CrossRef]
295.: Silva MN, Vieira PN, Coutinho SR, et al. Using self-determination theory to promote physical activity and weight control: a randomized controlled trial in women. J Behav Med. 2009. PMID: 20012179. 10.1007/s10865-009-9239-y [PubMed: 20012179] [CrossRef]
296.: Simpson SA, McNamara R, Shaw C, et al. A feasibility randomised controlled trial of a motivational interviewing-based intervention for weight loss maintenance in adults. Health Technol Assess. 2015;19(50):v–vi, xix–xxv, 1–378. PMID: 26168409. 10.3310/hta19500 [PMC free article: PMC4781351] [PubMed: 26168409] [CrossRef]
297.: Sjostrom L, Rissanen A, Andersen T, et al. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of orlistat for weight loss and prevention of weight regain in obese patients. European Multicentre Orlistat Study Group. Lancet. 1998;352(9123):167–72. PMID: 9683204. 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)11509-4 [PubMed: 9683204] [CrossRef]
298.: Smith SR, Stenlof KS, Greenway FL, et al. Orlistat 60 mg reduces visceral adipose tissue: a 24-week randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Obesity. 2011;19(9):1796–803. PMID: 21720429. 10.1038/oby.2011.143 [PubMed: 21720429] [CrossRef]
299.: Smith TJ, Crombie A, Sanders LF, et al. Efficacy of orlistat 60 mg on weight loss and body fat mass in US Army soldiers. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112(4):533–40. PMID: 22717217. 10.1016/j.jada.2011.10.006 [PubMed: 22717217] [CrossRef]
300.: Stevens VJ, Corrigan SA, Obarzanek E, et al. Weight loss intervention in phase 1 of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention. The TOHP Collaborative Research Group. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153(7):849–58. PMID: 8466377. 10.1001/archinte.1993.00410070039006 [PubMed: 8466377] [CrossRef]
301.: Stevens VJ, Obarzanek E, Cook NR, et al. Long-term weight loss and changes in blood pressure: results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. Ann Intern Med. 2001;134(1):1–11. PMID: 11187414. 10.7326/0003-4819-134-1-200101020-00007 [PubMed: 11187414] [CrossRef]
302.: Svetkey LP, Batch BC, Lin PH, et al. Cell phone intervention for you (CITY): A randomized, controlled trial of behavioral weight loss intervention for young adults using mobile technology. [Erratum appears in Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016 Feb;24(2):536; PMID: 26813533]. Obesity. 2015;23(11):2133–41. PMID: 26530929. 10.1002/oby.21226 [PMC free article: PMC4636032] [PubMed: 26530929] [CrossRef]
303.: Svetkey LP, Stevens VJ, Brantley PJ, et al. Comparison of strategies for sustaining weight loss: the weight loss maintenance randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008;299(10):1139–48. PMID: 18334689. 10.1001/jama.299.10.1139 [PubMed: 18334689] [CrossRef]
304.: Swinburn BA, Carey D, Hills AP, et al. Effect of orlistat on cardiovascular disease risk in obese adults. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2005;7(3):254–62. PMID: 15811142. 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2004.00467.x [PubMed: 15811142] [CrossRef]
305.: Tsai AG, Wadden TA, Rogers MA, et al. A primary care intervention for weight loss: results of a randomized controlled pilot study. Obesity. 2010;18(8):1614–8. PMID: 20019680. 10.1038/oby.2009.457 [PubMed: 20019680] [CrossRef]
306.: Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(18):1343–50. PMID: 11333990. 10.1056/NEJM200105033441801 [PubMed: 11333990] [CrossRef]
307.: Van Gaal LF, Broom JI, Enzi G, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of orlistat in the treatment of obesity: a 6-month dose-ranging study. Orlistat Dose-Ranging Study Group. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1998;54(2):125–32. PMID: 9626916. 10.1007/s002280050433 [PubMed: 9626916] [CrossRef]
308.: van Wier MF, Dekkers JC, Hendriksen IJ, et al. Effectiveness of phone and e-mail lifestyle counseling for long term weight control among overweight employees. J Occup Environ Med. 2011;53(6):680–6. PMID: 21654441. 10.1097/JOM.0b013e31821f2bbb [PubMed: 21654441] [CrossRef]
309.: Voils C, Olsen M, Gierisch J, et al. Maintenance of Weight Loss After Initiation of Nutrition Training: A Randomized Trial. Annals Intern Med. 2017;166(7):463–71. PMID: 28241185. 10.7326/M16-2160 [PMC free article: PMC5483942] [PubMed: 28241185] [CrossRef]
310.: von Gruenigen V, Frasure H, Kavanagh MB, et al. Survivors of uterine cancer empowered by exercise and healthy diet (SUCCEED): a randomized controlled trial. Gynecol Oncol. 2012;125(3):699–704. PMID: 22465522. 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.03.042 [PubMed: 22465522] [CrossRef]
311.: Wadden TA, Foreyt JP, Foster GD, et al. Weight loss with naltrexone SR/bupropion SR combination therapy as an adjunct to behavior modification: the COR-BMOD trial. Obesity. 2011;19(1):110–20. PMID: 20559296. 10.1038/oby.2010.147 [PMC free article: PMC4459776] [PubMed: 20559296] [CrossRef]
312.: Wadden TA, Hollander P, Klein S, et al. Weight maintenance and additional weight loss with liraglutide after low-calorie-diet-induced weight loss: the SCALE Maintenance randomized study. [Erratum appears in Int J Obes (Lond). 2015 Jan;39(1):187], [Erratum appears in Int J Obes (Lond). 2013 Nov;37(11):1514], [Erratum appears in Int J Obes (Lond). 2015 Jan;39(1):187; PMID: 25311036]. Int J Obes (Lond). 2013;37(11):1443–51. PMID: 23812094. 10.1038/ijo.2013.120 [PubMed: 23812094] [CrossRef]
313.: Wing RR, Tate DF, Gorin AA, et al. A self-regulation program for maintenance of weight loss. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(15):1563–71. PMID: 17035649. 10.1056/NEJMoa061883 [PubMed: 17035649] [CrossRef]
314.: Wing RR, Venditti E, Jakicic JM, et al. Lifestyle intervention in overweight individuals with a family history of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1998;21(3):350–9. PMID: 9540015. [PubMed: 9540015]
315.: Wylie-Rosett J, Swencionis C, Ginsberg M, et al. Computerized weight loss intervention optimizes staff time: the clinical and cost results of a controlled clinical trial conducted in a managed care setting. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001;101(10):1155–62. PMID: 11678486. [PubMed: 11678486]
316.: Yeh MC, Heo M, Suchday S, et al. Translation of the Diabetes Prevention Program for diabetes risk reduction in Chinese immigrants in New York City. Diabet Med. 2016;33(4):547–51. PMID: 26179569. 10.1111/dme.12848 [PMC free article: PMC4713381] [PubMed: 26179569] [CrossRef]
317.: Young MD, Callister R, Collins CE, et al. Efficacy of a gender-tailored intervention to prevent weight regain in men over 3 years: A weight loss maintenance RCT. Obesity. 2017;25(1):56–65. PMID: 27925437. 10.1002/oby.21696 [PubMed: 27925437] [CrossRef]
318.: Beeken R, Leurent B, Vickerstaff V, et al. A brief intervention for weight control based on habit-formation theory delivered through primary care: results from a randomised controlled trial. Int J Obes (Lond). 2017;41(2):246–54. PMID: 27867204. 10.1038/ijo.2016.206 [PMC free article: PMC5300101] [PubMed: 27867204] [CrossRef]
319.: Fischer IP. Text message support for weight loss in patients with prediabetes: A randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(8):1364–70. 10.2337/dc15-2137 [PubMed: 26861922] [CrossRef]
320.: Jenkins DJA, Boucher BA, Ashbury FD, et al. Effect of Current Dietary Recommendations on Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Risk Factors. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(9):1103–12. PMID: 28254171. 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.10.089 [PubMed: 28254171] [CrossRef]
321.: O’Brien MJ, Perez A, Scanlan AB, et al. PREVENT-DM Comparative Effectiveness Trial of Lifestyle Intervention and Metformin. Am J Prev Med. 2017;52(6):788–97. PMID: 28237635. 10.1016/j.amepre.2017.01.008 [PMC free article: PMC5438762] [PubMed: 28237635] [CrossRef]
322.: Thomas JG, Raynor HA, Bond DS, et al. Weight loss in Weight Watchers Online with and without an activity tracking device compared to control: A randomized trial. Obesity. 2017;25(6):1014–21. PMID: 28437597. 10.1002/oby.21846 [PubMed: 28437597] [CrossRef]
323.: Ahern AL, Wheeler GM, Aveyard P, et al. Extended and standard duration weight-loss programme referrals for adults in primary care (WRAP): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017;389(10085):2214–25. PMID: 28478041. 10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30647-5 [PMC free article: PMC5459752] [PubMed: 28478041] [CrossRef]
324.: Logue E, Sutton K, Jarjoura D, et al. Transtheoretical model-chronic disease care for obesity in primary care: a randomized trial. Obesity Research. 2005;13(5):917–27. [PubMed: 15919846]
325.: Mensink M, Corpeleijn E, Feskens EJ, et al. Study on lifestyle-intervention and impaired glucose tolerance Maastricht (SLIM): design and screening results. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003;61(1):49–58. PMID: 12849923. [PubMed: 12849923]
326.: Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Espeland MA, et al. Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE). TONE Collaborative Research Group. JAMA. 1998;279(11):839–46. PMID: 9515998. 10.1001/jama.279.11.839 [PubMed: 9515998] [CrossRef]
327.: Nilsen V, Bakke PS, Gallefoss F. Effects of lifestyle intervention in persons at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus - results from a randomised, controlled trial. BMC public health. 2011;11:893. 10.1186/1471-2458-11-893 [PMC free article: PMC3247299] [PubMed: 22117618] [CrossRef]
328.: Kumanyika SK, Fassbender JE, Sarwer DB, et al. One-year results of the Think Health! study of weight management in primary care practices. Obesity. 2012;20(6):1249–57. PMID: 22051940. 10.1038/oby.2011.329 [PubMed: 22051940] [CrossRef]
329.: Rodriguez-Cristobal JJ, Alonso-Villaverde C, Panisello JM, et al. Effectiveness of a motivational intervention on overweight/obese patients in the primary healthcare: a cluster randomized trial. BMC Fam Pract. 2017;18(1):74. PMID: 28633627. 10.1186/s12875-017-0644-y [PMC free article: PMC5477747] [PubMed: 28633627] [CrossRef]
330.: Phelan S, Hagobian T, Brannen A, et al. Effect of an Internet-Based Program on Weight Loss for Low-Income Postpartum Women. JAMA. 2017;317(23):2381–91. PMID: 28632867. 10.1001/jama.2017.7119 [PMC free article: PMC5815021] [PubMed: 28632867] [CrossRef]
331.: Yeh HC, Clark JM, Emmons KE, et al. Independent but coordinated trials: insights from the practice-based Opportunities for Weight Reduction Trials Collaborative Research Group. Clin Trials. 2010;7(4):322–32. PMID: 20573639. 10.1177/1740774510374213 [PMC free article: PMC3266125] [PubMed: 20573639] [CrossRef]
332.: Arzola-Paniagua MA, Garcia-Salgado Lopez ER, Calvo-Vargas CG, et al. Efficacy of an orlistat-resveratrol combination for weight loss in subjects with obesity: A randomized controlled trial. Obesity. 2016;24(7):1454–63. PMID: 27221771. 10.1002/oby.21523 [PubMed: 27221771] [CrossRef]
333.: The Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Research Group. The effects of nonpharmacologic interventions on blood pressure of persons with high normal levels. Results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, Phase I. JAMA. 1992;267(9):1213–20. PMID: 1586398. 10.1001/jama.1992.03480090061028 [PubMed: 1586398] [CrossRef]
334.: Uusitupa M, Peltonen M, Lindstrom J, et al. Ten-year mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study-secondary analysis of the randomized trial. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(5):e5656. PMID: 19479072 10.1371/journal.pone.0005656 [PMC free article: PMC2682577] [PubMed: 19479072] [CrossRef]
335.: Shea MK, Nicklas BJ, Houston DK, et al. The effect of intentional weight loss on all-cause mortality in older adults: results of a randomized controlled weight-loss trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011;94(3):839–46. PMID: 21775558. 10.3945/ajcn.110.006379 [PMC free article: PMC3155925] [PubMed: 21775558] [CrossRef]
336.: Ratner R, Goldberg R, Haffner S, et al. Impact of intensive lifestyle and metformin therapy on cardiovascular disease risk factors in the diabetes prevention program. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(4):888–94. PMID: 15793191. 10.2337/diacare.28.4.888 [PMC free article: PMC1307521] [PubMed: 15793191] [CrossRef]
337.: Rubin RR, Knowler WC, Ma Y, et al. Depression symptoms and antidepressant medicine use in Diabetes Prevention Program participants. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(4):830–7. PMID: 15793181. 10.2337/diacare.28.4.830 [PMC free article: PMC1314970] [PubMed: 15793181] [CrossRef]
338.: Ruusunen A, Voutilainen S, Karhunen L, et al. How does lifestyle intervention affect depressive symptoms? Results from the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Diabet Med. 2012;29(7):e126–32. PMID: 22313027. 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2012.03602.x [PubMed: 22313027] [CrossRef]
339.: le Roux CW, Astrup A, Fujioka K, et al. 3 years of liraglutide versus placebo for type 2 diabetes risk reduction and weight management in individuals with prediabetes: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2017. PMID: 28237263. 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30069-7 [PubMed: 28237263] [CrossRef]
340.: Lindstrom J, Peltonen M, Eriksson JG, et al. Improved lifestyle and decreased diabetes risk over 13 years: Long-term follow-up of the randomised Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS). Diabetologia. 2013;56(2):284–93. PMID: 23093136. 10.1007/s00125-012-2752-5 [PubMed: 23093136] [CrossRef]
341.: Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, Crandall J, Schade D, et al. The influence of age on the effects of lifestyle modification and metformin in prevention of diabetes. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61A(10):1075–81. PMID: 17077202 10.1093/gerona/61.10.1075 [PMC free article: PMC1783677] [PubMed: 17077202] [CrossRef]
342.: West DS, Prewitt TE, Bursac Z, et al. Weight loss of black, white, and Hispanic men and women in the diabetes prevention program. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(6):1413–20. PMID: 18421273 10.1038/oby.2008.224 [PubMed: 18421273] [CrossRef]
343.: Kumanyika SK, Espeland MA, Bahnson JL, et al. Ethnic comparison of weight loss in the Trial of Nonpharmacologic Interventions in the Elderly. Obes Res. 2002;10(2):96–106. PMID: 11836455. 10.1038/oby.2002.16 [PubMed: 11836455] [CrossRef]
344.: Guo F, Garvey WT. Cardiometabolic Disease Staging Predicts Effectiveness of Weight Loss Therapy to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes: Pooled Results From Phase III Clinical Trials Assessing Phentermine/Topiramate Extended Release. Diabetes Care. 2017. PMID: 28455281. 10.2337/dc17-0088 [PMC free article: PMC5481985] [PubMed: 28455281] [CrossRef]
345.: Peirson L, Douketis J, Ciliska D, et al. Treatment for overweight and obesity in adult populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ Open. 2014;2(4):E306–17. PMID: 25485258. 10.9778/cmajo.20140012 [PMC free article: PMC4251513] [PubMed: 25485258] [CrossRef]
346.: Peirson L, Fitzpatrick-Lewis D, Ciliska D, et al. Strategies for weight maintenance in adult populations treated for overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ Open. 2015;3(1):E47–54. PMID: 25844369. 10.9778/cmajo.20140050 [PMC free article: PMC4382032] [PubMed: 25844369] [CrossRef]
347.: Nuffer W, Trujillo JM, Megyeri J. A Comparison of New Pharmacological Agents for the Treatment of Obesity. Ann Pharmacother. 2016;50(5):376–88. PMID: 26887340. 10.1177/1060028016634351 [PubMed: 26887340] [CrossRef]
348.: Khera R, Murad MH, Chandar AK, et al. Association of Pharmacological Treatments for Obesity With Weight Loss and Adverse Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016;315(22):2424–34. PMID: 27299618. 10.1001/jama.2016.7602 [PMC free article: PMC5617638] [PubMed: 27299618] [CrossRef]
349.: Wijnhoven HA, van Zon SK, Twisk J, et al. Attribution of causes of weight loss and weight gain to 3-year mortality in older adults: results from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences. 2014;69(10):1236–43. PMID: 24522392. 10.1093/gerona/glu005 [PubMed: 24522392] [CrossRef]
350.: French SA, Folsom AR, Jeffery RW, et al. Prospective study of intentionality of weight loss and mortality in older women: the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;149(6):504–14. PMID: 10084239. [PubMed: 10084239]
351.: Williamson DF, Pamuk E, Thun M, et al. Prospective study of intentional weight loss and mortality in overweight white men aged 40-64 years. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;149(6):491–503. PMID: 10084238. [PubMed: 10084238]
352.: Sorensen TI, Rissanen A, Korkeila M, et al. Intention to lose weight, weight changes, and 18-y mortality in overweight individuals without co-morbidities. PLoS medicine. 2005;2(6):e171. PMID: 15971946. 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020171 [PMC free article: PMC1160579] [PubMed: 15971946] [CrossRef]
353.: Yaari S, Goldbourt U. Voluntary and involuntary weight loss: associations with long term mortality in 9,228 middle-aged and elderly men. Am J Epidemiol. 1998;148(6):546–55. PMID: 9753009. [PubMed: 9753009]
354.: Williamson DF, Pamuk E, Thun M, et al. Prospective study of intentional weight loss and mortality in never-smoking overweight US white women aged 40-64 years. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;141(12):1128–41. PMID: 7771451. [PubMed: 7771451]
355.: Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Walker M. Overweight and obesity and weight change in middle aged men: impact on cardiovascular disease and diabetes. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2005;59(2):134–9. PMID: 15650145. 10.1136/jech.2003.015651 [PMC free article: PMC1733005] [PubMed: 15650145] [CrossRef]
356.: Gregg EW, Gerzoff RB, Thompson TJ, et al. Intentional weight loss and death in overweight and obese U.S. adults 35 years of age and older. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138(5):383–9. PMID: 12614090. 10.7326/0003-4819-138-5-200303040-00007 [PubMed: 12614090] [CrossRef]
357.: Parker ED, Folsom AR. Intentional weight loss and incidence of obesity-related cancers: the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(12):1447–52. PMID: 14634673. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802437 [PubMed: 14634673] [CrossRef]
358.: Danaei G, Robins JM, Young JG, et al. Weight Loss and Coronary Heart Disease: Sensitivity Analysis for Unmeasured Confounding by Undiagnosed Disease. Epidemiology. 2016;27(2):302–10. PMID: 26628428. 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000428 [PMC free article: PMC5177988] [PubMed: 26628428] [CrossRef]
359.: Courcoulas AP, Goodpaster BH, Eagleton JK, et al. Surgical vs medical treatments for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg. 2014;149(7):707–15. PMID: 24899268. 10.1001/jamasurg.2014.467 [PMC free article: PMC4106661] [PubMed: 24899268] [CrossRef]
360.: Chang SH, Stoll CR, Song J, et al. The effectiveness and risks of bariatric surgery: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis, 2003-2012. JAMA Surg. 2014;149(3):275–87. PMID: 24352617. 10.1001/jamasurg.2013.3654 [PMC free article: PMC3962512] [PubMed: 24352617] [CrossRef]
361.: Sarkhosh K, Switzer NJ, El-Hadi M, et al. The impact of bariatric surgery on obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review. Obes Surg. 2013;23(3):414–23. PMID: 23299507. 10.1007/s11695-012-0862-2 [PubMed: 23299507] [CrossRef]
362.: Sarwer DB, Wadden TA, Moore RH, et al. Changes in quality of life and body image after gastric bypass surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2010;6(6):608–14. PMID: 20947446. 10.1016/j.soard.2010.07.015 [PMC free article: PMC3031862] [PubMed: 20947446] [CrossRef]
363.: Dawes AJ, Maggard-Gibbons M, Maher AR, et al. Mental Health Conditions Among Patients Seeking and Undergoing Bariatric Surgery: A Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016;315(2):150–63. PMID: 26757464. 10.1001/jama.2015.18118 [PubMed: 26757464] [CrossRef]
364.: King WC, Chen JY, Belle SH, et al. Change in Pain and Physical Function Following Bariatric Surgery for Severe Obesity. JAMA. 2016;315(13):1362–71. PMID: 27046364. 10.1001/jama.2016.3010 [PMC free article: PMC4856477] [PubMed: 27046364] [CrossRef]
365.: Kamvissi-Lorenz V, Raffaelli M, Bornstein S, et al. Role of the Gut on Glucose Homeostasis: Lesson Learned from Metabolic Surgery. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2017;19(2):9. PMID: 28185153. 10.1007/s11883-017-0642-5 [PMC free article: PMC5306308] [PubMed: 28185153] [CrossRef]
366.: Leblanc ES, O’Connor E, Whitlock EP, et al. Effectiveness of primary care-relevant treatments for obesity in adults: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2011;155(7):434–47. PMID: 21969342. 10.7326/0003-4819-155-7-201110040-00006 [PubMed: 21969342] [CrossRef]
367.: Lin JS, O’Connor E, Evans CV, et al. Behavioral counseling to promote a healthy lifestyle in persons with cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2014;161(8):568–78. PMID: 25155549. 10.7326/M14-0130 [PubMed: 25155549] [CrossRef]
368.: Wing RR, Phelan S. Long-term weight loss maintenance. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:(1 Suppl):222s–5s. PMID: 16002825. [PubMed: 16002825]
369.: Weiss EC, Galuska DA, Kettel Khan L, et al. Weight regain in U.S. adults who experienced substantial weight loss, 1999-2002. Am J Prev Med. 2007;33(1):34–40. PMID: 17572309. 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.02.040 [PubMed: 17572309] [CrossRef]
370.: Dulloo AG, Montani JP. Pathways from dieting to weight regain, to obesity and to the metabolic syndrome: an overview. Obes Rev. 2015;16: Suppl 1:1–6. PMID: 25614198. 10.1111/obr.12250 [PubMed: 25614198] [CrossRef]
371.: Mackie GM, Samocha-Bonet D, Tam CS. Does weight cycling promote obesity and metabolic risk factors? Obes Res Clin Pract. 2017;11(2):131–9. PMID: 27773644. 10.1016/j.orcp.2016.10.284 [PubMed: 27773644] [CrossRef]
372.: DerSarkissian M, Bhak RH, Huang J, et al. Maintenance of weight loss or stability in subjects with obesity: a retrospective longitudinal analysis of a real-world population. Curr Med Res Opin. 2017;33(6):1105–10. PMID: 28294635. 10.1080/03007995.2017.1307173 [PubMed: 28294635] [CrossRef]
373.: Krist AH, Baumann LJ, Holtrop JS, et al. Evaluating Feasible and Referable Behavioral Counseling Interventions. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49(3 Suppl 2):S138–49. 10.1016/j.amepre.2015.05.009 [PubMed: 26296548] [CrossRef]
374.: Padwal RS, Pajewski NM, Allison DB, et al. Using the Edmonton obesity staging system to predict mortality in a population-representative cohort of people with overweight and obesity. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l’Association medicale canadienne. 2011;183(14):E1059–66. 10.1503/cmaj.110387 [PMC free article: PMC3185097] [PubMed: 21844111] [CrossRef]
375.: Sharma AM, Campbell-Scherer DL. Redefining obesity: Beyond the numbers. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2017;25(4):660–1. 10.1002/oby.21801 [PubMed: 28349662] [CrossRef]
376.: Asselin J, Salami E, Osunlana AM, et al. Impact of the 5As Team study on clinical practice in primary care obesity management: a qualitative study. CMAJ Open. 2017;5(2):E322–E9. PMID: 28450428. 10.9778/cmajo.20160090 [PMC free article: PMC5498321] [PubMed: 28450428] [CrossRef]
377.: Garvey WT, Mechanick JI, Brett EM, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Comprehensive Clinical Practice Guidelines for Medical Care of Patients with Obesity. Endocr Pract. 2016;22: Suppl 3:1–203. PMID: 27219496. 10.4158/EP161365.GL [PubMed: 27219496] [CrossRef]
378.: Rubin RR, Peyrot M, Wang NY, et al. Patient-reported outcomes in the practice-based opportunities for weight reduction (POWER) trial. Qual Life Res. 2013;22(9):2389–98. PMID: 23515902. 10.1007/s11136-013-0363-3 [PMC free article: PMC4137865] [PubMed: 23515902] [CrossRef]
379.: Florez H, Pan Q, Ackermann RT, et al. Impact of lifestyle intervention and metformin on health-related quality of life: the diabetes prevention program randomized trial. J Gen Intern Med. 2012;27(12):1594–601. PMID: 22692637. 10.1007/s11606-012-2122-5 [PMC free article: PMC3509296] [PubMed: 22692637] [CrossRef]
380.: Ackermann RT, Edelstein SL, Narayan KM, et al. Changes in health state utilities with changes in body mass in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2009;17(12):2176–81. PMID: 19390518 10.1038/oby.2009.114 [PMC free article: PMC3135001] [PubMed: 19390518] [CrossRef]
381.: Demark-Wahnefried W, Colditz GA, Rock CL, et al. Quality of life outcomes from the Exercise and Nutrition Enhance Recovery and Good Health for You (ENERGY)-randomized weight loss trial among breast cancer survivors. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2015;154(2):329–37. PMID: 26518022. 10.1007/s10549-015-3627-5 [PMC free article: PMC4654570] [PubMed: 26518022] [CrossRef]
382.: McCarroll ML, Armbruster S, Frasure HE, et al. Self-efficacy, quality of life, and weight loss in overweight/obese endometrial cancer survivors (SUCCEED): a randomized controlled trial. Gynecol Oncol. 2014;132(2):397–402. PMID: 24369301. 10.1016/j.ygyno.2013.12.023 [PubMed: 24369301] [CrossRef]
383.: Sarwer DB, Moore RH, Diewald LK, et al. The impact of a primary care-based weight loss intervention on the quality of life. Int J Obes (Lond). 2013;37: Suppl 1:S25–30. PMID: 23921778. 10.1038/ijo.2013.93 [PMC free article: PMC3786773] [PubMed: 23921778] [CrossRef]
384.: Swencionis C, Wylie-Rosett J, Lent MR, et al. Weight change, psychological well-being, and vitality in adults participating in a cognitive-behavioral weight loss program. Health Psychol. 2013;32(4):439–46. PMID: 22888821. 10.1037/a0029186 [PMC free article: PMC4733266] [PubMed: 22888821] [CrossRef]
385.: Sedjo RL, Flatt SW, Byers T, et al. Impact of a behavioral weight loss intervention on comorbidities in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer. 2016;24(8):3285–93. PMID: 26945570. 10.1007/s00520-016-3141-2 [PMC free article: PMC5323258] [PubMed: 26945570] [CrossRef]
386.: Berrigan D, Troiano RP, Graubard BI. BMI and mortality: the limits of epidemiological evidence. Lancet. 2016;388(10046):734–6. PMID: 27423263. 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30949-7 [PMC free article: PMC5508818] [PubMed: 27423263] [CrossRef]
387.: Knudtson MD, Klein BE, Klein R, et al. Associations with weight loss and subsequent mortality risk. Ann Epidemiol. 2005;15(7):483–91. PMID: 16029840. 10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.12.003 [PubMed: 16029840] [CrossRef]
388.: Fontanarosa P, Christiansen S. Conventional Units and SI Units in JAMA and the Archives Journals. In: AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors (10th edition). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2007. PMID: None.
389.: Parker DR, Evangelou E, Eaton CB. Intraclass correlation coefficients for cluster randomized trials in primary care: the cholesterol education and research trial (CEART). Contemp Clin Trials. 2005;26(2):260–7. PMID: 15837446. 10.1016/j.cct.2005.01.002 [PubMed: 15837446] [CrossRef]
390.: IntHout J, Ioannidis JP, Borm GF. The Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method for random effects meta-analysis is straightforward and considerably outperforms the standard DerSimonian-Laird method. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:25. PMID: 24548571. 10.1186/1471-2288-14-25 [PMC free article: PMC4015721] [PubMed: 24548571] [CrossRef]
391.: Hartung J, Knapp G. A refined method for the meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials with binary outcome. Stat Med. 2001;20(24):3875–89. PMID: 11782040. [PubMed: 11782040]
392.: Coughlin JW, Brantley PJ, Champagne CM, et al. The impact of continued intervention on weight: Five-year results from the weight loss maintenance trial. Obesity. 2016;24(5):1046–53. PMID: 26991814. 10.1002/oby.21454 [PMC free article: PMC4896740] [PubMed: 26991814] [CrossRef]

Bookshelf ID: NBK532371

Contents

< Prev Next >

PubReader
Print View
Cite this Page
LeBlanc EL, Patnode CD, Webber EM, et al. Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Weight Loss Interventions to Prevent Obesity-Related Morbidity and Mortality in Adults: An Updated Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2018 Sep. (Evidence Synthesis, No. 168.) References.
PDF version of this title (8.1M)

Other titles in this collection

U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Evidence Syntheses, formerly Systematic Evidence Reviews

Related information

PMC
PubMed Central citations
PubMed
Links to PubMed

Recent Activity

Clear Turn Off Turn On

References - Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Weight Loss Interventions to Prevent...
References - Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Weight Loss Interventions to Prevent Obesity-Related Morbidity and Mortality in Adults: An Updated Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Blood Coagulation Disorders
Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD...<br/>
MeSH
Leukemia L1210
Leukemia L1210
An experimental LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA of mice.<br/>
MeSH
PubChem Compound (MeSH Keyword) for PubMed (Select 28472215) (2)
PubChem Compound
Hemangiosarcoma
Hemangiosarcoma
A rare malignant neoplasm characterized by rapidly proliferating, extensively infiltrating, anaplastic cells derived from blood vessels and lining irregular blood-filled or lu...<br/>Year introduced: 1986
MeSH

Your browsing activity is empty.

Activity recording is turned off.

Turn recording back on

Bookshelf

Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Weight Loss Interventions to Prevent Obesity-Related Morbidity and Mortality in Adults: An Updated Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet].

References

Views

Other titles in this collection

Related information

Recent Activity