This Consensus Study Report was reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in making each published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets the institutional standards for quality, objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.

We thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

• JAN M. BROWN, SpiritWorks Foundation Center for the Soul
• H. WESTLEY CLARK, Santa Clara University
• KELLY J. CLARK, American Society of Addiction Medicine
• BRANDEE IZQUIERDO, SAFE Project
• CHRISTOPHER M. JONES, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
• PAULA J. LUM, University of California, San Francisco
• SANDRA A. SPRINGER, Yale School of Medicine
• JOYCELYN SUE WOODS, National Alliance for Medication Assisted Recovery

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations of this report, nor did they see the final draft before its release. The review of this report was overseen by JOHN H. KRYSTAL, Yale School of Medicine, and KRISTINE GEBBIE, Flinders University School of Nursing and Midwifery. They were responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with the standards of the National Academies and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content rests entirely with the authoring committee and the National Academies.