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Rubella

MedGen UID:
48514
•Concept ID:
C0035920
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: German measles; Three day measles
SNOMED CT: Rubella (36653000); German measles (36653000)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0004656

Definition

A viral infection caused by the rubella virus. It is initially manifested with flu-like symptoms that last one or two days, followed by the development of a characteristic red rash which lasts from one to five days. The rash first appears in the neck and face. It subsequently spreads to the rest of the body. [from NCI]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #52: Diagnosis and management of fetal growth restriction: (Replaces Clinical Guideline Number 3, April 2012).
Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM). Electronic address: pubs@smfm.org, Martins JG, Biggio JR, Abuhamad A
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020 Oct;223(4):B2-B17. Epub 2020 May 12 doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.05.010. PMID: 32407785
Oral Viral Infections: Diagnosis and Management.
Clarkson E, Mashkoor F, Abdulateef S
Dent Clin North Am 2017 Apr;61(2):351-363. doi: 10.1016/j.cden.2016.12.005. PMID: 28317570
Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy: prevention, screening, and treatment.
Paquet C, Yudin MH; Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada
J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2013 Jan;35(1):78-81. doi: 10.1016/s1701-2163(15)31053-7. PMID: 23343802

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Cost-effectiveness of measles and rubella elimination in low-income and middle-income countries.
Levin A, Burgess C, Shendale S, Morgan W, Cw Hutubessy R; Measles–rubella Eradication Modelling Group, Jit M; Measles-rubella Eradication Modelling Group
BMJ Glob Health 2023 Jul;8(7) doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-011526. PMID: 37429697Free PMC Article
Rubella in Poland in 2020.
Bogusz J, Augustynowicz E, Paradowska-Stankiewicz I
Przegl Epidemiol 2022;76(4):554-560. doi: 10.32394/pe.76.50. PMID: 37017447
Rubella.
Best JM
Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2007 Jun;12(3):182-92. Epub 2007 Mar 2 doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2007.01.017. PMID: 17337363
Rubella.
Vander Straten MR, Tyring SK
Dermatol Clin 2002 Apr;20(2):225-31. doi: 10.1016/s0733-8635(01)00005-5. PMID: 12120437
Rubella and rubeola.
Rosa C
Semin Perinatol 1998 Aug;22(4):318-22. doi: 10.1016/s0146-0005(98)80020-7. PMID: 9738996

Diagnosis

Rubella.
Winter AK, Moss WJ
Lancet 2022 Apr 2;399(10332):1336-1346. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02691-X. PMID: 35367004
Rubella.
Lambert N, Strebel P, Orenstein W, Icenogle J, Poland GA
Lancet 2015 Jun 6;385(9984):2297-307. Epub 2015 Jan 8 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60539-0. PMID: 25576992Free PMC Article
Rubella and pregnancy: diagnosis, management and outcomes.
Bouthry E, Picone O, Hamdi G, Grangeot-Keros L, Ayoubi JM, Vauloup-Fellous C
Prenat Diagn 2014 Dec;34(13):1246-53. Epub 2014 Sep 16 doi: 10.1002/pd.4467. PMID: 25066688
Rubella.
Best JM
Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2007 Jun;12(3):182-92. Epub 2007 Mar 2 doi: 10.1016/j.siny.2007.01.017. PMID: 17337363
Rubella.
Vander Straten MR, Tyring SK
Dermatol Clin 2002 Apr;20(2):225-31. doi: 10.1016/s0733-8635(01)00005-5. PMID: 12120437

Therapy

The path to eradication of rubella.
Reef SE, Icenogle JP, Plotkin SA
Vaccine 2023 Dec 7;41(50):7525-7531. Epub 2023 Nov 14 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.11.014. PMID: 37973510
Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine at age 6 months and hospitalisation for infection before age 12 months: randomised controlled trial.
Zimakoff AC, Jensen A, Vittrup DM, Herlufsen EH, Sørensen JK, Malon M, Svensson J, Stensballe LG
BMJ 2023 Jun 7;381:e072724. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-072724. PMID: 37286215Free PMC Article
A Review on Rubella Vaccine: Iran (1975-2010).
Shafayi A, Mohammadi A
Arch Razi Inst 2021 Jul;76(2):167-192. Epub 2021 Jul 1 doi: 10.22092/ari.2021.353242.1594. PMID: 34223717Free PMC Article
Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children.
Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Marchione P, Debalini MG, Demicheli V
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020 Apr 20;4(4):CD004407. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub4. PMID: 32309885Free PMC Article
No. 368-RUBELLA IN PREGNANCY.
Boucoiran I, Castillo E
J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2018 Dec;40(12):1646-1656. doi: 10.1016/j.jogc.2018.07.003. PMID: 30527073

Prognosis

Rubella in Poland in 2021.
Bogusz J, Paradowska-Stankiewicz I
Przegl Epidemiol 2024 May 20;77(4):482-488. doi: 10.32394/pe.77.39. PMID: 38783657
Rubella in Poland in 2020.
Bogusz J, Augustynowicz E, Paradowska-Stankiewicz I
Przegl Epidemiol 2022;76(4):554-560. doi: 10.32394/pe.76.50. PMID: 37017447
Live Attenuated Varicella Vaccine: Prevention of Varicella and of Zoster.
Gershon AA, Gershon MD, Shapiro ED
J Infect Dis 2021 Sep 30;224(12 Suppl 2):S387-S397. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa573. PMID: 34590140Free PMC Article
Preconception care.
Berghella V, Buchanan E, Pereira L, Baxter JK
Obstet Gynecol Surv 2010 Feb;65(2):119-31. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0b013e3181d0c358. PMID: 20100361
Science and serendipity.
Pepys MB
Clin Med (Lond) 2007 Dec;7(6):562-78. doi: 10.7861/clinmedicine.7-6-562. PMID: 18193704Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Genetics and measles, mumps and rubella vaccine response in childhood and adolescence-A systematic review.
Haslund MM, Sørensen JK, Graff Stensballe L
Scand J Immunol 2023 Jun;97(6):e13266. Epub 2023 Apr 2 doi: 10.1111/sji.13266. PMID: 38157324
Rubella in Poland in 2020.
Bogusz J, Augustynowicz E, Paradowska-Stankiewicz I
Przegl Epidemiol 2022;76(4):554-560. doi: 10.32394/pe.76.50. PMID: 37017447
Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccination and Autism: A Nationwide Cohort Study.
Hviid A, Hansen JV, Frisch M, Melbye M
Ann Intern Med 2019 Apr 16;170(8):513-520. Epub 2019 Mar 5 doi: 10.7326/M18-2101. PMID: 30831578
No. 368-RUBELLA IN PREGNANCY.
Boucoiran I, Castillo E
J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2018 Dec;40(12):1646-1656. doi: 10.1016/j.jogc.2018.07.003. PMID: 30527073
Rubella.
Boniuk V
Int Ophthalmol Clin 1975 Winter;15(4):229-41. doi: 10.1097/00004397-197501540-00019. PMID: 773881

Recent systematic reviews

EULAR/PRES recommendations for vaccination of paediatric patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases: update 2021.
Jansen MHA, Rondaan C, Legger GE, Minden K, Uziel Y, Toplak N, Maritsi D, van den Berg L, Berbers GAM, Bruijning P, Egert Y, Normand C, Bijl M, Foster HE, Koné-Paut I, Wouters C, Ravelli A, Elkayam O, Wulffraat NM, Heijstek MW
Ann Rheum Dis 2023 Jan;82(1):35-47. Epub 2022 Jun 20 doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-222574. PMID: 35725297
Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children.
Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Marchione P, Debalini MG, Demicheli V
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021 Nov 22;11(11):CD004407. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub5. PMID: 34806766Free PMC Article
Safety of vaccines used for routine immunization in the United States: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.
Gidengil C, Goetz MB, Newberry S, Maglione M, Hall O, Larkin J, Motala A, Hempel S
Vaccine 2021 Jun 23;39(28):3696-3716. Epub 2021 May 25 doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.079. PMID: 34049735
Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children.
Di Pietrantonj C, Rivetti A, Marchione P, Debalini MG, Demicheli V
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020 Apr 20;4(4):CD004407. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub4. PMID: 32309885Free PMC Article
Tonsillitis.
Georgalas CC, Tolley NS, Narula PA
BMJ Clin Evid 2014 Jul 22;2014 PMID: 25051184Free PMC Article

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