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Published online 2024 Jan 15. doi: 10.1186/s12916-023-03239-1
Table 2
The independent associations of green, blue space and natural environment with any psychiatric disorder (n = 363,047)
| Exposure | Person-years (PYs) | Psychiatric disorder (n) | Incidence rate, (n/1000 PYs, 95% CI) | Model 1, HR (95% CI) | Model 2, HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 4,180,295.3 | 49,865 | 11.93 (11.82–12.03) | ||
| Green space, 300 m buffer | |||||
| First tertile (the lowest) | 1,378,805.6 | 17,062 | 12.37 (12.19–12.56) | Reference | Reference |
| Second tertile | 1,391,679.4 | 17,568 | 12.62 (12.44–12.81) | 1.009 (0.988–1.031) | 1.010 (0.988–1.031) |
| Third tertile (the highest) | 1,409,810.3 | 15,235 | 10.81 (10.64–10.98) | 0.856 (0.837–0.875) *** | 0.984 (0.961–1.006) |
| Ordinal scale | 0.927 (0.917–0.937) *** | 0.992 (0.981–1.004) | |||
| Blue space, 300 m buffer | |||||
| First tertile (the lowest) | 1,379,691.0 | 17,326 | 12.56 (12.37–12.75) | Reference | Reference |
| Second tertile | 1,397,693.1 | 16,310 | 11.67 (11.49–11.85) | 0.920 (0.901–0.940) *** | 0.983 (0.961–1.004) |
| Third tertile (the highest) | 1,402,911.2 | 16,229 | 11.57 (11.39–11.75) | 0.913 (0.893–0.932) *** | 0.973 (0.952–0.994) * |
| Ordinal scale | 0.955 (0.945–0.965) *** | 0.986 (0.976–0.997) * | |||
| Natural environment, 300 m buffer | |||||
| First tertile (the lowest) | 1,375,925.1 | 17,640 | 12.82 (12.63–13.01) | Reference | Reference |
| Second tertile | 1,402,678.0 | 17,160 | 12.23 (12.05–12.42) | 0.941 (0.921–0.961) *** | 1.003 (0.982–1.025) |
| Third tertile (the highest) | 1,401,692.2 | 15,065 | 10.75 (10.58–10.92) | 0.818 (0.801–0.836) *** | 0.970 (0.948–0.992) ** |
| Ordinal scale | 0.905 (0.896–0.915) *** | 0.985 (0.974–0.997) ** | |||
| Green space, 1000 m buffer | |||||
| First tertile (the lowest) | 1,371,142.3 | 17,556 | 12.80 (12.62–12.99) | Reference | Reference |
| Second tertile | 1,396,052.3 | 17,368 | 12.44 (12.26–12.63) | 0.951 (0.932–0.972) *** | 1.013 (0.991–1.035) |
| Third tertile (the highest) | 1,413,100.7 | 14,941 | 10.57 (10.41–10.74) | 0.802 (0.785–0.820) *** | 0.983 (0.960–1.007) |
| Ordinal scale | 0.897 (0.888–0.907) *** | 0.992 (0.980–1.004) | |||
| Blue space, 1000 m buffer | |||||
| First tertile (the lowest) | 1,387,287.6 | 16,938 | 12.21 (12.03–12.39) | Reference | Reference |
| Second tertile | 1,394,469.2 | 16,183 | 11.61 (11.43–11.79) | 0.947 (0.927–0.968) *** | 0.974 (0.953–0.995) * |
| Third tertile (the highest) | 1,398,538.5 | 16,744 | 11.97 (11.79–12.16) | 0.977 (0.957–0.998) * | 0.981 (0.960–1.002) |
| Ordinal scale | 0.988 (0.978–0.999) * | 0.990 (0.980–1.001) | |||
| Natural environment, 1000 m buffer | |||||
| First tertile (the lowest) | 1,370,786.7 | 18,053 | 13.17 (12.98–13.36) | Reference | Reference |
| Second tertile | 1,397,814.0 | 17,070 | 12.21 (12.03–12.40) | 0.906 (0.887–0.925) *** | 1.014 (0.992–1.036) |
| Third tertile (the highest) | 1,411,694.5 | 14,742 | 10.44 (10.28–10.61) | 0.769 (0.752–0.786) *** | 0.975 (0.952–0.999) * |
| Ordinal scale | 0.878 (0.868–0.887) *** | 0.988 (0.976–1.000) * | |||
HR Hazard ratio, CI Confidence interval
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 was further adjusted for ethnicity, socioeconomic status, BMI, household income, education group, smoking status, alcohol drinker status, and physical activity