TABLE 23

Ali et al. (2010)

Bangladesh

Cross‐sectional

141

33

108

w‐As (μg/L)

≤ 50

> 50

PChE (U/L) × 10⁴

1.775 ± 0.371

1.365 ± 0.349

Edwards, Johnson, et al. (2014)

USA

Cross‐sectional

Full sample:

1390

733 Alzheimer's disease, 127 mild cognitive impairment, 530 with normal cognition

w‐As, mean (SD) (μg/L)

3.97 (3.3)

3.9 (3.1)

3.2 (2.6)

4.0 (3.6)

B coefficient (SE, p‐value)

Full sample:

Confrontation naming:

0.21 (0.08, 0.008)

Immediate verbal memory:

−0.23 (0.09, 0.008),

Delayed verbal memory:

−0.34 (0.10, < 0.001)

Immediate visual memory:

−0.23 (0.10, 0.02)

Delayed visual memory:

−0.58 (0.11, < 0.001)

Edwards, Hall, et al. (2014)

USA

Cross‐sectional

Attention, processing speed, verbal fluency, visuospatial abilities, immediate memory and delayed memory; executive functioning

Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) for global cognition

526

≥ 40 years

w‐As, mean (SD) (μg/L)

6.42 (2.99)

B (SD, p‐value)

Immediate memory raw index

0.15 (0.29, 0.60)

Visuospatial raw index −0.39 (0.19, 0.05)

Language raw index −0.48 (0.15, < 0.05)

Attention raw index −0.66 (0.39, 0.09)

Delayed memory index 0.53 (0.28, 0.06)

Total raw index

−0.82 (0.96, 0.39)

Executive function

0.49 (0.13, < 0.05)

MMSE

−0.14 (0.08, 0.07)

Mukherjee et al. (2014)

India

Cross‐sectional

654 women

312

342

w‐As (μg/L)

≤ 10 (ref.)

11–50

≤ 10 (ref.)

11–50

OR (95% CI)

transient loss of memory

2.02 (1.17–3.12)

burning sensation in extremities

4.16 (1.89–7.27)

tingling or numbness 3.08 (2.10–7.35)

anxiety

1.49 (1.16–3.46)

fatigue

1.92 (1.49–4.57)

reduced sense of taste

2.29 (1.28–4.62)

reduced sense of smell

1.36 (1.12–2.74)

depression

1.37 (1.11–1.97)

plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine 1.6‐times higher (p < 0.05),

plasma serotonin

1.8‐times higher (p < 0.05);

no difference in plasma dopamine (p > 0.05)

No exposure to pesticides during the last month among the study participants. Logistic regression controlling for age, education, cooking years, menstrual length,

adverse reproductive outcome experienced in past 1 year

Liu et al. (2017)

China

Cross‐sectional

483 (> 40 years)

148

104

85

146

w‐As (μg/L)

< 10

10–50

50–100

> 100

OR (95% CI)

1.0

1.11 (1.01–1.43)

1.32 (1.21–2.75)

4.01 (2.77–11.03)

Multivariable linear regression model: coefficient WAs = −0.73 (p = 0.02)

Crude odds ratio

Adjusting for sex, age, education and BMI

Karim et al. (2019)

Bangladesh

Cross‐sectional

w‐As (μg/L)

Range 0.03–1798.60

Interquartile range (IQR): 1.75, 214.0

IQR: 2.81, 207.28

β (95%CI) MMSE

−0.021 (−0.026, −0.015)

Change by IQR (95% CI)

−0.113 (−0.161, −0.064)

β (95%CI) sBDNF

−0.082 (−0.105, −0.059)

Change by IQR (95% CI)

−0.437 (−0.609, −0.265)

Mochizuki et al. (2019)

Myanmar

Cross‐sectional

Peripheral neuropathy via subjective neurological symptoms and objective neurological examinations of sensory

disturbances

w‐As (μg/L)

< 10

≥ 10

< 50

≥ 50

Frequencies

Subjective ‘feeling of weakness’: As < 10 μg/L

13% versus As ≥ 10 μg/L 17.6%; and ‘chronic

numbness or pain’: 20.4% versus 24.7%.

Objective pain sensation: As < 50 μg/L 4.7% versus ≥ 50 μg/L 9%); Vibration sensation: 3.8% versus 6.5%; two‐point discrimination: 3.6% versus 7.2%.

In children, no association between symptoms or signs and w‐As

Wang, Huang, et al. (2021)

China

Cross‐sectional

1556

Cognitive impairment (%)

56 (14.4)

76 (19.5)

87 (22.7)

102 (26.2)

Hair As (mg/kg)

Quartiles:

< 0.01–0.10

0.11–0.21

0.22–0.43

0.44–25.1

OR (95% CI)

1.0

1.480 (0.984, 2.228)

1.517 (1.014, 2.268)

1.919 (1.297, 2.840)

Rahman, Niemann, and Yusuf (2022)

USA

Cross‐sectional

1611

(> 20 years)

u‐tiAs (μg/L)

Trouble sleeping

5.40

No trouble sleeping

5.65

OR 95% CI for having arsenous acid in urine above the lower limit of detection

1.0 ref

0.72 (0.51–1.00, p‐value = 0.05)

Unclear whether arsenocbetaine is included in the u‐tiAs concentrations

Adjusted for age, serum

Cotinine, ethnicity and depression