Table 2
Rate ratios for ex- and current smokers compared to never smokers for all tumours (total), clear-cell tumours, clear-cell tumours with a VHL gene mutation and VHL wild-type clear-cell cases, Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer (1986–1997)
|
Never smokers
|
Ex-smokers
|
Current smokers
| ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases (N) | Person-years subcohort | RRa | Cases (N) | Person-years subcohort | RR (95% CI) | Cases (N) | Person-years subcohort | RR (95% CI) | P-value for interactionb | |
| Men and women c | ||||||||||
| Total | 81 | 17 906 | 1 | 125 | 16 759 | 1.17 (0.85–1.61) | 117 | 13 377 | 1.60 (1.17–2.20) | 0.43 |
| Clear-cell | 48 | 17 906 | 1 | 73 | 16 759 | 1.34 (0.91–1.99) | 57 | 13 377 | 1.49 (0.98–2.26) | 0.20 |
| Clear-cell wild-type | 18 | 17 906 | 1 | 27 | 16 759 | 1.58 (0.84–2.94) | 26 | 13 377 | 2.06 (1.07–3.94) | 0.55 |
| Clear-cell mutated | 30 | 17 906 | 1 | 46 | 16 759 | 1.20 (0.73–1.96) | 31 | 13 377 | 1.17 (0.69–1.99) | 0.24 |
| Men d | ||||||||||
| Total | 17 | 3086 | 1 | 105 | 11 643 | 1.52 (0.89–2.59) | 88 | 8176 | 2.07 (1.20–3.56) | |
| Clear-cell | 6 | 3086 | 1 | 60 | 11 643 | 2.43 (1.07–5.56) | 39 | 8176 | 2.54 (1.05–6.17) | |
| Clear-cell wild-type | 2 | 3086 | 1 | 21 | 11 643 | 2.68 (0.66–10.86) | 15 | 8176 | 2.95 (0.65–13.28) | |
| Clear-cell mutated | 4 | 3086 | 1 | 39 | 11 643 | 2.33 (0.84–6.44) | 24 | 8176 | 2.34 (0.79–6.94) | |
| Women e | ||||||||||
| Total | 64 | 14 820 | 1 | 20 | 5116 | 0.95 (0.57–1.59) | 29 | 5201 | 1.37 (0.87–2.16) | |
| Clear-cell | 42 | 14 820 | 1 | 13 | 5116 | 0.94 (0.50–1.76) | 18 | 5201 | 1.29 (0.73–2.28) | |
| Clear-cell wild-type | 16 | 14 820 | 1 | 6 | 5116 | 1.12 (0.44–2.86) | 11 | 5201 | 2.04 (0.94–4.45) | |
| Clear-cell mutated | 26 | 14 820 | 1 | 7 | 5116 | 0.82 (0.35–1.92) | 7 | 5201 | 0.82 (0.35–1.93) | |
Abbreviations: RCC, renal cell carcinoma; RR, rate ratio; s.d., standard deviation; VHL, Von Hippel–Lindau.
aReference group.
bTest for interaction of sex and smoking.
cCigarette, cigar and pipe smoking, multivariable adjusted for age, sex and BMI.
dCigarette, cigar and pipe smoking, multivariable adjusted for age and BMI.
eCigarette smoking, multivariable adjusted for age and BMI.