TABLE 1.

Bacterial strains and plasmids

Strain or plasmidRelevant characteristicsaSource or reference
Strains
    E. coli
        TG1supE hsdΔ5thi Δ(lac-proAB)F′ [traD36 proAB+ lacIqlacZΔM15]15
        BL21(DE3) StarFompT hsdSB (rB mB) gal dcm (DE3)Invitrogen
        TOP 10FmcrA Δ(mrr-hsdRMS-mcrBC) φ80lacZΔM15 ΔlacX74 recA1 deoR araD139 Δ(ara-leu)7697 galU galK rpsL (Strr) endA1 nupGInvitrogen
    L. plantarum
        NC8 (wild type)Wild type, gram-positive ubiquitous homolactic acid bacterium, plasmid-free strain2
        LPNC8ΔUSP1 (Δusp1)L. plantarum NC8 strain with usp1 disrupted by double homologous recombinationThis study (Fig. (Fig.33)
        LPNC8ΔPADR (ΔpadR)L. plantarum NC8 strain with padR disrupted by double homologous recombination16; Fig. Fig.33
Plasmids
    pTZ19RAmpr; ΔlacZNovagen
    pET28a+Kanr; vector for overexpression of His-tagged proteins using the T7 bacteriophage promoterNovagen
    TOPO PCR 2.1Ampr Kanr; ΔlacZ, vector for TA cloningInvitrogen
    pGID023Shuttle vector for E. coli and L. plantarum; derivative of pJDC9 containing the pE194 replication functions; used as an unstable integration vector; Ermr18
    pJPDC1Emr; pJDC9 containing the 2.3-kbp Sau3A fragment of L. plantarum corresponding to the locus with padA-padR genes6; Fig. Fig.44
    pLOCPADAmpr Kanr; TOPO vector containing the 2.212-kbp LOCPAD fragment with padA, padR, and usp1 PCR amplified with primers LPLOC1 and LPLOC2This study (Fig. (Fig.44)
    pTD14Ampr; pTZ19R containing the 311- and 385-bp DNA fragments PCR amplified with the primers LPDELU1-LPDELU2 and LPDELU3-LPDELU4, respectivelyThis study
    pGΔUSP1Emr; pGID023 containing the 694-bp D14 fragment PCR amplified with the primers LPDELU1 and LPDELU4This study
    pEDpET28a+ with padA under its own promoter cloned into SphI restriction siteThis study (Fig. (Fig.44)
    pERpET28a+ containing padR between NcoI and XhoI sites to produce PadR16; Fig. Fig.44
    pEUpET28a+ containing usp1 between NcoI and XhoI sites to produce Usp1This study (Fig. (Fig.44)
    pEDRpER with padA under its own promoter cloned into SphI restriction siteThis study (Fig. (Fig.44)
    pERUpET28a+ with padR and usp1 cloned between NcoI and XhoI restriction sitesThis study (Fig. (Fig.44)
    pEDRUpERU with padA under its own promoter cloned into SphI restriction siteThis study (Fig. (Fig.44)
aEmr, erythromycin resistance; Ampr, ampicillin resistance; Kanr, kanamycin resistance.
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