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Trends in postacute myocardial infarction management and mortality in patients with diabetes. A population-based study from 1995 to 2001
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
To compare trends in coronary revascularization use and case fatality rate (CFR) following acute myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes.
METHODS:
A retrospective study of 77,552 patients, 20 years of age or older (25% with diabetes), who were hospitalized for a first acute myocardial infarction in the province of Quebec between April 1995 and December 2001 was conducted. Administrative databases were used to identify patients and assess outcomes.
RESULTS:
Compared with patients without diabetes, patients with diabetes underwent more coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgeries (11.1% versus 8.3%; P<0.0001) but fewer percutaneous coronary interventions (17.1% versus 20.2%; P<0.0001). The use of percutaneous coronary intervention increased substantially over time in both populations, driven mainly by an increase during the index admission (20.6% versus 16.6% per year; P=0.1144 in patients with and without diabetes, respectively). The use of CABG during the index admission increased markedly among patients with diabetes compared with those without (10.3% versus 5.3% per year; P=0.0072); however, at one-year following discharge, CABG use remained stable in patients with diabetes and fell in those without (−0.7% versus −5.3% per year; P=0.2046). Concomitantly, patients with diabetes presented a similar decline in CFR compared with patients without diabetes. The decline was more pronounced during the index admission (−5.0% versus −4.1% per year; P=0.282) than at one-year following discharge (−2.5% versus −2.5% per year; P=0.629) in patients with and without diabetes, respectively. However, fatal outcome remained higher in patients with diabetes than without, with an adjusted RR of 1.21 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.24) at one-year follow-up.
CONCLUSION:
Overall, coronary revascularization use and CFR improved over time in patients with diabetes. Nevertheless, the mortality rate in patients with diabetes remains higher than in patients without diabetes, indicating that additional progress is required to improve the poorer prognosis in this population.
Résumé
OBJECTIF :
Comparer les tendances de revascularisation coronarienne et le taux de létalité (TDL) après un infarctus aigu du myocarde chez les personnes atteintes et non atteintes de diabète.
MÉTHODOLOGIE :
Les chercheurs ont mené une étude rétrospective auprès de 77 552 patients de 20 ans ou plus (25 % atteints de diabète) qui ont été hospitalisés pour un premier infarctus aigu du myocarde dans la province de Québec entre avril 1995 et décembre 2001. Ils ont utilisé les bases de données administratives pour dépister les patients et évaluer les issues.
RÉSULTATS :
Par rapport aux autres patients, les patients atteints de diabète ont subi davantage de pontages aortocoronariens (PAC) (11,1 % par rapport à 8,3 %; P<0,0001), mais moins d’interventions coronaires percutanées (17,1 % par rapport à 20,2 %; P<0,0001). Le recours à l’intervention coronaire percutanée a augmenté considérablement au fil du temps au sein des deux populations, surtout à cause d’une augmentation pendant la période d’admission de référence (20,6 % par rapport à 16,6 % par année; P=0,1144 chez les patients atteints de diabète et chez les autres, respectivement). Le recours au PAC pendant la période d’admission de référence a augmenté de manière marquée chez les patients atteints de diabète par rapport aux autres (10,3 % par rapport à 5,3 % par année; P=0,0072), mais un an après le congé, le recours au PAC demeurait stable chez les patients atteints de diabète et diminuait chez les autres (−0,7 % par rapport à −5,3 % par année; P=0,2046). Parallèlement, les patients atteints de diabète ont présenté une diminution similaire du TDL par rapport aux autres patients. Cette diminution était plus prononcée pendant la période d’admission de référence (−5,0 % par rapport à −4,1 % par année; P=0,282) qu’un an après le congé (−2,5 % par rapport à −2,5 % par année; P=0,629) chez les patients atteints de diabète et chez les autres, respectivement. Cependant, le taux de décès demeurait plus élevé chez les patients atteints de diabète que chez les autres, le rapport de risque rajusté s’élevant à 1,21 (95 % IC 1,18 à 1,24) au suivi d’un an.
CONCLUSION :
Dans l’ensemble, le recours à la revascularisation coronaire et le TDL ont diminué au fil du temps chez les personnes atteintes de diabète. Néanmoins, le taux de décès chez les patients atteints de diabète demeurait plus élevé que chez les autres patients, ce qui indique qu’il faudra poursuivre les progrès pour améliorer le pronostic plus sombre au sein de cette population.
Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem. In the year 2000 in the province of Quebec, estimates put the prevalence of diabetes among adults 20 years of age or older at 5.1% (1). However, this prevalence is increasing due to the rise in obesity (2) and an aging population (3). Diabetes is associated with a high risk of death due to coronary artery disease (CAD) (4). In the meantime, there have been marked declines in CAD mortality noted over the past 50 years in the general population (5–8). These changes may be attributable to advances in the management of both CAD (5,6,9) and cardiovascular risk factors (9,10). This decline, however, has been less pronounced in patients with diabetes (11,12) – a previously neglected group who were less likely than patients without diabetes to receive therapeutic interventions such as thrombolysis, beta-blockers and revascularization procedures (13,14). In contrast, recent studies (15–18) reported a favourable decline in postacute myocardial infarction (post-AMI) mortality in patients with diabetes and suggest that these improvements are a recent phenomenon (15).
During the past decade, the increasing prevalence of diabetes in the general population and, more particularly, in CAD patients, has received more attention and might have led to changes in health care practices among this population. Coronary revascularization procedures (ie, coronary artery bypass graft [CABG] surgeries and percutaneous coronary interventions [PCIs]) conferred a protective effect against mortality in CAD patients (9). The effectiveness of these interventional treatments in patients with diabetes has been reported in several clinical trials (19–21). This evidence should, in theory, initiate more aggressive use of revascularization procedures in this high-risk population and, thus, may contribute to improved prognosis in these patients. However, the extent of these changes is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to compare the current trends in the use of coronary revascularization procedures and the case fatality rate (CFR) following AMI between patients with and without diabetes.
METHODS
Study population
The Quebec hospital discharge database (Med-Echo; Logibec Group Informatique Ltd, Canada) was used to identify all patients 20 years of age or older who were admitted to any hospital in the province of Quebec between fiscal years 1995 (April 1, 1995, to March 31, 1996) and 2001 (April 1, 2001, to December 31, 2001) with a principal diagnosis of AMI (code 410 in the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth revision [ICD-9]). Patients with a previous AMI in the four years before the index admission were excluded to increase the likelihood of identifying the incident case. The validity of the diagnosis coding had been evaluated previously, with a positive predictive value of 96% (22). As in previous studies (8,23,24), several exclusion criteria were applied to ensure the accuracy of the AMI diagnosis. Thus, the following exclusion criteria were used: patients who were not admitted to an acute care facility; patients who were AMI coded as an in-hospital complication; patients transferred from another acute care facility (only the first admission was counted); patients discharged alive with a total length of stay of less than three days; and patients older than 105 years of age.
Diabetes diagnosis
Patients with diabetes (excluding cases of gestational diabetes) were identified through the Quebec Diabetes Surveillance Database using the Canadian National Diabetes Surveillance System case definition (25). The Quebec Diabetes Surveillance Database is an administrative database that includes all persons with a diagnosis of diabetes in the province. Persons who enter the database remain until death or migration. Persons were classified as diabetic if they had at least one hospital admission or two primary care clinic visits with a diagnosis of diabetes (ICD-9 code 250) within a two-year period. This case definition was associated with a sensitivity of 94% and a positive predictive value of 88% (unpublished data), and was used by many Canadian provinces in numerous studies (4,15,26,27). Diabetes status was determined at the time of AMI discharge.
Outcomes
Coronary revascularization
Revascularization procedures during the index admission and within one year of admission were identified from any of the nine procedure codes using the hospital discharge database. Revascularization was considered to be performed during the index admission, even if patients were transferred to another acute care hospital to receive treatment. Revascularization at one year after AMI was estimated among survivors from their discharge. Two major coronary procedures were identified using the Canadian Classification of Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Surgical Procedures: CABG (codes 48.10 to 48.19) and PCI (codes 48.02, 48.03 and 48.09). Because the exact date of referral to revascularization was not available in the administrative data, the time to revascularization was calculated from the date of the index AMI admission to the date of revascularization (28).
CFR (in-hospital and one year following AMI)
In-hospital death was identified directly from the hospital database. Out-of-hospital death was determined by linking hospitalization data to the Quebec Death Certificate Registry database using unique anonymized patient identifiers. All-cause death was used to evaluate the mortality rate following AMI. However, CAD was the cause of 85% of in-hospital deaths and the cause of 78% of deaths within one year following an AMI.
Statistical analysis
Temporal changes in patient characteristics were tested using the Mantel-Haenszel χ2 test for categorical data and simple linear regression for continuous variables. The age- and sex-adjusted CFRs, and proportion of patients who underwent revascularization procedures were calculated according to diabetes status and admission year. Proportions were adjusted using the direct method, according to the Quebec hospitalized AMI population in 2001. Age- and sex-adjusted geometric mean times to revascularization were calculated from the date of the index AMI admission to the date of revascularization because the variable followed a log-normal distribution. Analyses were performed using SAS version 9.1 (SAS Institute Inc, USA). Multiple log-binomial regression was used to assess the temporal trend in outcomes (revascularization or CFR). The COPY method was used to correct the problem of models that failed to converge (29). A two-sided P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Models included diabetes status, age, sex, admission year as an ordinal variable and interaction terms between diabetic status and year to evaluate the differences in trends between patients with and without diabetes. Further analyses included additional comorbid conditions and hospital characteristics. Potential modifying effects of age, sex and type of facilities (hospital with or without invasive facility) on time trends of outcomes were tested by two-way interaction terms between year and each covariable. Only interaction with age (20 to 74 years and 75 years or older) was statistically significant in some outcomes. Variance inflation factors detected no significant colinearity between covariables. To verify whether the clustering of patients by hospitals affected the results, the analyses were repeated using the generalized estimating equation models; similar results were found. Consequently, they were not reported.
RESULTS
Baseline characteristics
The study population included 19,370 patients with diabetes and 58,182 without diabetes. Temporal changes in baseline characteristics of patients are presented in Table 1. In general, patients with diabetes were more likely to be older, to be women and to have more comorbid conditions than patients without diabetes. Between 1995 and 2001, the absolute number of incident AMIs decreased among patients without diabetes, while the number increased among patients with diabetes. The percentage of women with diabetes decreased while the percentage of women without diabetes increased slightly. The mean age and the proportion of patients 75 years of age or older increased over the study period, especially among patients with diabetes. The prevalence of most comorbid conditions documented during the previous two years before the index admission increased similarly in both groups. Patients with and without diabetes tended to be admitted more often to hospitals with onsite invasive facilities that had a high hospital volume.
TABLE 1
Baseline characteristics of patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM) hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction according to fiscal year
| Patients, n | Total | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001* | P for trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DM | 19,370 | 2503 | 2629 | 2779 | 2912 | 2923 | 3298 | 2326 | |
| No DM | 58,182 | 9324 | 9244 | 8839 | 8419 | 8150 | 8278 | 5928 | |
| Demographic characteristics, % | |||||||||
| Female† | |||||||||
| DM | 41.5 | 44.1 | 42.6 | 43.3 | 39.7 | 39.8 | 41.3 | 40.5 | 0.0011 |
| No DM | 32.4 | 31.5 | 31.7 | 32.2 | 32.5 | 32.8 | 33.0 | 33.5 | 0.0008 |
| Age, years, mean ± SD | |||||||||
| DM | 69.2±11.8 | 68.3±11.4 | 68.8±11.7 | 68.6±11.8 | 69.3±11.4 | 69.5±11.8 | 69.8±11.9 | 70±12.2 | <0.0001 |
| No DM | 65.1±14.3 | 64.4±14.0 | 65.1±14.1 | 64.7±14.2 | 65.4±14.2 | 65.2±14.4 | 65.4±14.6 | 65.7±14.7 | <0.0001 |
| Age ≥75 years‡ | |||||||||
| DM | 36.4 | 31.5 | 34.6 | 34.0 | 36.1 | 38.2 | 39.2 | 40.8 | <0.0001 |
| No DM | 29.6 | 27.0 | 29.1 | 28.2 | 30.2 | 30.1 | 31.5 | 32.5 | <0.0001 |
| Medical history, %§ | |||||||||
| Heart failure | |||||||||
| DM | 14.6 | 14.3 | 13.2 | 13.8 | 15.4 | 14.6 | 14.5 | 16.6 | 0.0097 |
| No DM | 6.4 | 5.3 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 6.5 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 7.3 | <0.0001 |
| Stroke | |||||||||
| DM | 7.7 | 7.8 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 8.2 | 7.3 | 8.0 | 6.8 | 0.3564 |
| No DM | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 0.1340 |
| Chronic renal failure | |||||||||
| DM | 15.2 | 11.6 | 13.0 | 12.8 | 14.6 | 15.7 | 18.6 | 20.0 | <0.0001 |
| No DM | 6.7 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 6.7 | 7.2 | 8.2 | 8.8 | <0.0001 |
| Acute renal failure | |||||||||
| DM | 3.8 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 5.6 | <0.0001 |
| No DM | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.6872 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | |||||||||
| DM | 16.6 | 16.2 | 14.8 | 16.0 | 16.1 | 17.2 | 17.5 | 18.1 | 0.0017 |
| No DM | 9.2 | 9.0 | 8.5 | 8.7 | 9.5 | 9.2 | 10.0 | 10.2 | <0.0001 |
| Cancer | |||||||||
| DM | 6.3 | 4.7 | 5.6 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 6.6 | 7.2 | 9.0 | <0.0001 |
| No DM | 3.4 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 4.2 | <0.0001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | |||||||||
| DM | 21.3 | 19.2 | 19.9 | 20.4 | 21.7 | 22.0 | 21.7 | 24.5 | <0.0001 |
| No DM | 16.4 | 15.1 | 15.7 | 16.4 | 16.4 | 16.4 | 16.8 | 18.5 | <0.0001 |
| Dementia | |||||||||
| DM | 3.0 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 4.0 | 4.1 | <0.0001 |
| No DM | 2.0 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 3.2 | <0.0001 |
| Previous PCI | |||||||||
| DM | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 2.0 | <0.0001 |
| No DM | 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.2 | <0.0001 |
| Hospital characteristics, % | |||||||||
| Admission to hospitals with invasive facilities | |||||||||
| DM | 19.7 | 14.2 | 21.5 | 20.5 | 21.4 | 21.6 | 20.2 | 17.1 | 0.0534 |
| No DM | 19.5 | 15.4 | 19.5 | 19.7 | 21.5 | 20.6 | 20.6 | 20.1 | <0.0001 |
| Hospital volume¶ | |||||||||
| DM | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| <50 | 6.6 | 9.4 | 5.5 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 6.0 | 7.5 | |
| 50–139 | 22.7 | 31.4 | 22.8 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 22.7 | 20.3 | 22.7 | |
| ≥140 | 70.5 | 59.2 | 71.6 | 74.0 | 74.0 | 71.1 | 73.7 | 69.8 | |
| No DM | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| <50 | 6.9 | 9.2 | 6.4 | 5.4 | 6.4 | 6.7 | 6.3 | 7.5 | |
| 50–139 | 24.6 | 33.4 | 23.2 | 22.5 | 21.0 | 23.1 | 23.1 | 25.0 | |
| ≥140 | 68.4 | 57.4 | 70.4 | 72.1 | 72.6 | 70.2 | 70.6 | 67.5 | |
Outcomes
Coronary revascularization
Temporal trends in the age- and sex-adjusted proportion of patients who underwent revascularization procedures and the percentage of annual change are presented in Figure 1 and Table 2. Overall, compared with patients without diabetes, those with diabetes were more likely to receive CABG (11.1% versus 8.3%; P<0.0001) but were less likely to receive PCI (17.1% versus 20.2%; P<0.0001) during the first year of index admission. The differential use of revascularization between patients with and without diabetes persisted after controlling for comorbid conditions and hospital characteristics (Table 2). The use of PCI increased substantially over time in both populations, driven mainly by an increase during the index admission (20.6% versus 16.6% per year; P=0.1144 in patients with and without diabetes, respectively). The use of CABG during the index admission increased markedly among patients with diabetes compared with those without (10.3% versus 5.3% per year, P=0.0072); however, at one year following discharge, CABG use remained stable in patients with diabetes and fell in those without (−0.7% versus −5.3% per year; P=0.2046). Results were similar after adjustment for comorbid conditions and hospital characteristics (Table 2). Patients 75 years of age or older underwent fewer revascularization procedures than younger patients (Figure 2), but they experienced a marked increase in revascularization procedures over time compared with younger patients with and without diabetes. Furthermore, the adjusted mean time to revascularization declined over the study period in both populations, except time to PCI after hospital discharge (Table 3).
Temporal changes in age- and sex-adjusted revascularization use in patients with and without diabetes. Solid line – diabetes; Dashed line – no diabetes. CABG Coronary artery bypass graft; PCI Percutaneous coronary intervention
Annual changes in hospital revascularization use by diabetic status and age group. All the P values for trends were less than 0.0001. CABG Coronary artery bypass graft; DM Diabetes mellitus; PCI Percutaneous coronary intervention; yrs Years
TABLE 2
Temporal changes in revascularization use in patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM)
| Age- and sex-adjusted revascularization use (%) and adjusted RR (95% CI) for DM vs no DM | Change | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001* | All years | % of annual change†(95% CI) | P‡ | |
| CABG use during index admission | ||||||||||
| DM | 5.2 | 5.5 | 5.8 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 8.0 | 9.3 | 6.9 | +10.3 (7.4 to 13.3) | 0.0072 |
| No DM | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 5.5 | 5.4 | 6.1 | 6.0 | 5.2 | +5.3 (3.4 to 7.2) | |
| Adjusted RR for DM vs no DM | 1.19 (0.98–1.44) | 1.26 (1.04–1.51) | 1.39 (1.16–1.66) | 1.35 (1.15–1.59) | 1.48 (1.26–1.73) | 1.46 (1.26–1.70) | 1.75 (1.48–2.07) | 1.41 (1.33–1.51) | – | 0.0033 |
| One-year CABG use after discharge§ | ||||||||||
| DM | 5.8 | 4.9 | 6.2 | 5.4 | 6.3 | 5.5 | 4.9 | 5.6 | −0.7 (−3.9 to 2.4) | 0.2046 |
| No DM | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 3.1 | 4.2 | −5.3 (−7.3 to −3.3) | |
| Adjusted RR for DM vs no DM | 1.33 (1.09–1.62) | 1.14 (0.92–1.40) | 1.36 (1.13–1.65) | 1.46 (1.20–1.78) | 1.62 (1.33–1.96) | 1.42 (1.17–1.73) | 1.52 (1.17–1.97) | 1.40 (1.29–1.51) | – | 0.1240 |
| One-year CABG use | ||||||||||
| DM | 9.6 | 9.0 | 10.5 | 11.1 | 12.0 | 12.2 | 13.4 | 11.1 | 6.6 (4.4 to 8.9) | 0.0006 |
| No DM | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 8.4 | 8.8 | 7.9 | 8.3 | 0.08 (−1.3 to 1.4) | |
| Adjusted RR for DM vs no DM | 1.22 (1.06–1.40) | 1.19 (1.03–1.37) | 1.35 (1.18–1.54) | 1.40 (1.23–1.58) | 1.52 (1.34–1.72) | 1.49 (1.32–1.68) | 1.77 (1.54–2.04) | 1.41 (1.34–1.48) | – | 0.0005 |
| PCI use during index admission | ||||||||||
| DM | 8.1 | 10.1 | 12.8 | 13.7 | 18.6 | 21.6 | 25.6 | 15.8 | +20.6 (18.4 to 22.9) | 0.1144 |
| No DM | 11.9 | 13.1 | 16.8 | 19.2 | 22.5 | 26.1 | 30.5 | 19.2 | +16.6 (15.6 to 17.6) | |
| Adjusted RR for DM vs no DM | 0.74 (0.64–0.86) | 0.79 (0.70–0.90) | 0.75 (0.67–0.84) | 0.78 (0.71–0.87) | 0.85 (0.78–0.93) | 0.89 (0.83–0.96) | 0.89 (0.82–0.96) | 0.84 (0.81–0.87) | – | 0.0569 |
| One-year PCI use after discharge§ | ||||||||||
| DM | 5.0 | 5.8 | 6.9 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 7.1 | 7.1 | 6.4 | +5.7 (2.5 to 9.1) | 0.5991 |
| No DM | 6.1 | 6.5 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 7.1 | 6.9 | 7.6 | 7.0 | +2.0 (0.5 to 3.6) | |
| Adjusted RR for DM vs no DM | 0.81 (0.65–1.01) | 0.89 (0.73–1.08) | 0.88 (0.74–1.06) | 0.92 (0.77–1.10) | 0.92 (0.77–1.10) | 1.03 (0.87–1.22) | 0.96 (0.79–1.16) | 0.92 (0.86–0.98) | – | 0.5579 |
| One-year PCI use | ||||||||||
| DM | 10.3 | 12.1 | 14.6 | 16.2 | 19.7 | 22.0 | 25.0 | 17.1 | +16.3 (14.3 to 18.3) | 0.1321 |
| No DM | 13.8 | 15.1 | 18.8 | 20.7 | 22.9 | 25.7 | 28.6 | 20.2 | +12.2 (11.3 to 13.1) | |
| Adjusted RR for DM vs no DM | 0.78 (0.68–0.89) | 0.82 (0.73–0.93) | 0.78 (0.70–0.87) | 0.82 (0.75–0.91) | 0.89 (0.82–0.98) | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) | 0.90 (0.83–0.99) | 0.86 (0.83–0.89) | – | 0.1091 |
TABLE 3
Temporal changes in time to revascularization within one year following acute myocardial infarction according to diabetic status
| Age- and sex-adjusted mean time to revascularization (days)* | Change | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001† | % of annual change‡(95% CI) | P§ | |
| Time to CABG (during index admission) | 0.5291 | ||||||||
| DM | 18.3 | 17.7 | 16.5 | 16.3 | 16.9 | 14.4 | 15.6 | −3.0 (−5.2 to −0.7) | |
| No DM | 17.0 | 17.5 | 15.7 | 13.4 | 14.6 | 13.2 | 12.8 | −4.9 (−6.3 to −3.5) | |
| Time to CABG (after discharge) | 0.0001 | ||||||||
| DM | 84.2 | 71.2 | 54.7 | 61.1 | 59.2 | 54.0 | 31.2 | −10.5 (−14.2 to −6.7) | |
| No DM | 77.6 | 85.9 | 77.1 | 78.8 | 63.2 | 74.9 | 68.8 | −3.0 (−5.8 to −0.7) | |
| Time to PCI (during index admission) | 0.0451 | ||||||||
| DM | 6.1 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 3.8 | 3.3 | −5.6 (−7.6 to −3.5) | |
| No DM | 5.6 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 3.9 | 3.0 | −7.1 (−8.0 to −6.2) | |
| Time to PCI (after discharge) | 0.4118 | ||||||||
| DM | 67.1 | 76.1 | 62.8 | 71.6 | 68.2 | 70.2 | 61.5 | −0.8 (−4.4 to 2.8) | |
| No DM | 71.1 | 70.1 | 66.0 | 64.5 | 62.6 | 58.5 | 67.7 | −2.2 (−3.9 to −0.5) | |
CFR
Over the study period, there was a significant decline in age- and sex-adjusted CFR, especially during the index admission (Table 4). The decline was similar for patients with and without diabetes (P>0.05 for all diabetes-year interactions), but fatal outcome remained higher in patients with diabetes than in those without, with an overall adjusted RR of in-hospital mortality of 1.15 (95% CI 1.13 to 1.20) and 1.45 (95% CI 1.38 to 1.52) at one year following discharge. According to age, the one-year CFR decline was especially marked in younger patients (younger than 75 years) compared with the older ones among patients with diabetes (−4.5% versus −2.5% per year, P=0.0752) and especially without diabetes (−6.0% versus −2.4% per year, P=0.0004) (Figure 3). No different declines were observed between men and women in either population (data not shown).
Annual changes in one-year case fatality rate (CFR) according to diabetic status and age group. All the P values for trends were less than 0.0001, except for diabetes mellitus (DM) 75 years (yrs) of age or older (P=0.0002)
TABLE 4
Temporal changes in case fatality rate (CFR) in patients with and without diabetes mellitus (DM)
| Outcomes | Age- and sex-adjusted CFR (%) and adjusted RR (95% CI) for DM vs no DM | Change | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001* | All years | % of annual change†(95% CI) | P‡ | |
| In-hospital CFR | ||||||||||
| DM | 15.1 | 13.1 | 16.4 | 13.5 | 13.4 | 11.9 | 11.2 | 13.5 | −5.0 (−6.7 to −3.4) | 0.2820 |
| No DM | 12.2 | 11.7 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 9.7 | 8.8 | 10.8 | −4.1 (−5.3 to −3.0) | |
| Adjusted RR for DM vs no DM | 1.15 (1.05–1.27) | 1.05 (1.00–1.16) | 1.39 (1.27–1.53) | 1.13 (1.03–1.25) | 1.09 (1.00–1.21) | 1.13 (1.02–1.25) | 1.11 (1.00–1.25) | 1.15 (1.11–1.20) | – | 0.1488 |
| One-year CFR postdischarge | ||||||||||
| DM | 13.7 | 14.1 | 13.8 | 14.3 | 12.1 | 11.8 | 11.9 | 13.1 | −2.5 (−4.4 to −0.6) | 0.6294 |
| No DM | 7.4 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 6.4 | 6.7 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 7.0 | −2.5 (−4.1 to −0.8) | |
| Adjusted RR for DM vs no DM | 1.54 (1.35–1.75) | 1.48 (1.31–1.68) | 1.45 (1.28–1.65) | 1.72 (1.52–1.96) | 1.33 (1.16–1.52) | 1.35 (1.20–1.52) | 1.45 (1.24–1.68) | 1.45 (1.38–1.52) | – | 0.7738 |
| One-year CFR | ||||||||||
| DM | 25.6 | 24.6 | 26.8 | 25.1 | 23.2 | 21.4 | 21.1 | 24.0 | −3.1 (−4.2 to −2.0) | 0.1116 |
| No DM | 18.2 | 17.6 | 16.8 | 16.0 | 16.2 | 15.0 | 13.9 | 16.4 | −3.1 (−4.0 to −2.2) | |
| Adjusted RR for DM vs no DM | 1.21 (1.12–1.29) | 1.17 (1.09–1.25) | 1.31 (1.23–1.40) | 1.22 (1.14–1.30) | 1.14 (1.06–1.23) | 1.16 (1.08–1.25) | 1.20 (1.10–1.30) | 1.21 (1.18–1.24) | – | 0.2361 |
DISCUSSION
The present study was the first in Quebec to compare the trends in post-AMI coronary revascularization use and CFR in patients with and without diabetes, and to evaluate changes in the characteristic profiles of these patients. Our data show that over the study period, patients with diabetes experienced a significant decline in CFR similar to patients without diabetes. This improvement paralleled a greater increase in early coronary revascularization procedures and a decrease in time to revascularization in this population.
The profile of patients admitted for AMI changed between 1995 and 2001. Thus, the percentage of women with diabetes (a group at higher risk of CAD death) decreased over time, while age at admission increased. The prevalence of most comorbid conditions increased over time in parallel with increasing age, suggesting increases in the burden of these comorbid conditions. However, during the study period, a change in the diagnosis codes in administrative data could also have contributed to the increased prevalence of comorbidities.
Although several studies have investigated temporal changes in coronary revascularization following AMI (6,30,31), fewer have examined such changes with respect to diabetes status (17,18,32). Our data showed that patients with diabetes were more often referred for CABG surgery but less often referred for PCI than patients without diabetes. This result may reflect the higher prevalence of underlying multivessel CAD among patients with diabetes (33), which has been further emphasized by the results of the recently published Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) study (34). Despite available evidence from clinical trials, suggesting similar survival benefit between both modalities of revascularization in patients with diabetes (21,35,36), the five-year mortality rate after PCI remained higher among patients with diabetes than without (13.4% versus 6.8%; P=0.03), whereas, among those receiving CABG, the mortality rate was 8.3% versus 7.5%, respectively (P=0.8) (37). In addition, after PCI, patients with diabetes were more likely to develop new coronary lesions compared with patients without diabetes (38), and had a higher rate of restenosis and repeat revascularization than after CABG (35,39,40). Clearly, PCI remained less ideal in patients with diabetes with multivessel CAD.
Furthermore, our data showed that the use of CABG among patients with diabetes increased by 6.6% per year, while the use of PCI increased by 16% per year. Although CABG remains the recommended strategy for diabetic patients with multivessel CAD (41), recent advances in PCI (use of bare-metal and drug-eluting stents) have resulted in a changing paradigm for coronary revascularization procedures among patients with diabetes (19). The proportion of patients with diabetes who received PCI has increased (25.8%) compared with earlier percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (balloon angioplasty) (13.4%) (42), which concord with the substantial increase in the use of PCI over time in the present large, observational study. The increase in revascularization use could have been the result of both increased capacity of the system and change in treatment. Because we did not have access to medical treatment data in our cohort, we can only speculate, in accordance with the literature, that the management of patients with acute coronary syndrome has changed. Also, in the present study, patients with and without diabetes tended to more often be admitted to hospitals with onsite invasive facilities with a high hospital volume. Such practice would, without a doubt, have favoured an interventional approach to myocardial infarction through the time period of our study. In addition, coronary revas-cularization plays an important role in the management of CAD in patients with diabetes. It has been shown to significantly reduce death compared with medical treatment in diabetic patients with stable multivessel CAD (21). However, this was not confirmed by the recent BARI 2D study (34). Reinforcement of early therapeutic approaches in patients with diabetes has been shown to be important for reducing in-hospital mortality in this population (43). Our data provide evidence of implementation of these findings into practice, which could have contributed to improved survival.
Consistent with our results, the Sweden study (17) showed a 100% increase in revascularization less than 14 days following AMI from 1995 to 2002. In Ontario (32), the use of CABG and PCI increased by 20% and 50%, respectively, between 1995 and 1999. Investigations in the United States (18) and Sweden (17) noted a modest change in revascularization procedure use in patients with diabetes, most likely because they reported changes at an earlier time period (1990 to 1995) than that of our study. However, our study provides additional information regarding these changes both in-hospital and one year following discharge. We were also able to adjust for patient and hospital characteristics, and examine the diabetes-year interaction, which were not performed in all previous studies.
Favourable changes in mortality rates in patients with diabetes have been reported by recent investigations. There was a 44% reduction in in-hospital mortality following AMI between 1992 and 1999 in Ontario (15). A similar decline in the one-year mortality rate between patients with and without diabetes was also noted in the United States from 1990 to 1997 (16), in Sweden from 1995 to 2002 (17) and in the United Kingdom from 1995 to 2003 (44). Moreover, our data indicate that, in both populations, the one-year postdischarge CFR decline was less pronounced than that during hospital admission. Long-term mortality rate following AMI was related to recurrent events that were stable over time (data not shown). This may have contributed to a lesser decline in one-year CFR. Furthermore, in accordance with previous studies (15), we observed that patients 75 years of age or older had a less favourable decline in mortality rate than younger patients (Figure 3). Despite a significant increase in revascularization procedure use over time (Figure 2), older patients benefit less from interventional and medical management (45). Other studies reported that discharge prescriptions for acetylsalicylic acid, beta-blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were not provided to 12.6%, 19.7% and 25.2% of ideal candidates, respectively, who were older than 65 years of age in 2000/2001 (5), despite evidence suggesting that they could benefit greatly from such treatments (46). On the other hand, older patients hospitalized for AMI had more frequent in-hospital adverse events, a greater burden of comorbidity and more frequent contraindications to medical treatment (5). All of these factors may contribute to their only modest improvement in survival.
CFR decline suggests an improvement in management and treatment of patients with diabetes. Control of cardiovascular risk factors, such as smoking cessation, blood pressure and cholesterol levels, is important in the management of patients with diabetes (47,48). Previous studies in Quebec (49) and elsewhere (17,44) have reported improvement in medical therapy (in-hospital and at discharge), including beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and hypo-lipidemic therapy, in patients with diabetes. Even so, these treatments were still less frequently prescribed for patients with diabetes (13).
Limitations
Our study has some limitations. First, use of administrative data may lead to misclassification. However, it is unlikely that such errors would occur differentially according to diabetes status or study year. Second, patients with a previous AMI in the four years before the index admission were excluded. Nevertheless, this length of time may not be sufficiently long to identify first AMI events. Third, our database did not include certain important factors such as pharmacological therapy and clinical characteristics, which could have contributed to the observed decline in CFR. Fourth, a potential bias may be due to changes in the diagnostic criteria for AMI following the introduction of troponin markers in the year 2000, which enable diagnosis of less severe cardiac damage (50). All the same, this would have affected only the last two years of our data, whereas the observed change in outcomes was relatively stable over time. Fifth, prehospital death (before being admitted to the hospital) could not be recorded. However, a previous study evaluating out-of-hospital death (51) also reported a significant decline in mortality rate following AMI. Sixth, our data did not include out-of-hospital PCI use. However, such use was relatively rare during our study period. Seventh, in the present study, the mean length of hospital stay decreased significantly from 13.2 days in 1995 to 12.0 days in 2002 among patients with diabetes, and from 11.7 days to 10.2 days among patients without diabetes (data not shown). This decline in length of hospital stay, however, has a minor effect on in-hospital CFR. Even when we considered a fixed time interval by examining temporal changes in 30-day CFR, we found a similar decline to that of in-hospital CFR; it was 4.6% and 4.8% per year in patients with and without diabetes, respectively (data not shown). Finally, the present study was limited to a period between 1995 and 2001. Some important changes in practice have taken place in the current era. Hence, more current data are necessary to examine contemporary trends.
CONCLUSION
Our data provide evidence of favourable changes in clinical practice regarding coronary revascularization procedures in a population with diabetes. These changes were accompanied by significant decreases in CFR of the same magnitude as patients without diabetes. These findings were observed despite increases over time in the prevalence of comorbidities and age at admission. Nevertheless, the burden of diabetes on mortality remains high compared with patients without diabetes. This persistent higher mortality risk and the global increasing prevalence of diabetes in Quebec highlight the need to expand effective strategies to improve the prevention and management of diabetes and cardiovascular disease complications to improve the poorer prognosis in this population.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr Gilles Paradis for his helpful comments.
Footnotes
DISCLOSURE: Paul Poirier is a clinician-scientist of the Fonds de la Recherche en Santé du Québec.