Table 1.
Vesicular coats identified to date, their subunit compositions, sites of action, and roles
| Coat/Adaptor | Structure | Site of action | Role | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clathrin | Clathrin Heavy Chain Clathrin Light Chain | TGN, endosomes, plasma membrane | Endocytosis TGN endosome sorting Early-late endosome sorting | Pearse 1976; McMahon and Mills 2004 |
| AP-1 | γβ1σ1 µ1 | TGN, endosomes | TGN-endosome sorting | Pearse and Robinson 1984; McMahon and Mills 2004 |
| AP-2 | αβ2σ2 µ2 | Plasma membrane | Plasma membrane endocytosis | Pearse and Robinson 1984; McMahon and Mills 2004 |
| AP-3 | δβ3σ3 µ3 | Endosomes | Melanosome biogenesis | Murphy et al. 1991; McMahon and Mills 2004 |
| AP-4 | εβ4σ4 µ4 | TGN | Basolateral sorting TGN-endosome sorting | Dell’Angelica et al. 1999; McMahon and Mills 2004 |
| GGA1-3 | GGA1-3 | TGN | TGN-endosome/-lysosome sorting | Hirst et al. 2000; Takatsu et al. 2000; McMahon and Mills 2004 |
| COPI | αβ′ε/βγδζ | ER, Golgi, Intermediate Compartment | Sorting at the ER-Golgi interface and within the Golgi Endosomal functions (see text) | Duden et al. 1991; Serafini et al. 1991b; Waters et al. 1991; Harrison-Lavoie et al. 1993; Stenbeck et al. 1993 Bethune et al. 2006 |
| COPII | Sec13,31/ Sec23,24 | ER | Protein export from the ER | Barlowe et al. 1994; Hughes and Stephens 2008 |
| ESCRT | Hrs-STAM1-2 Vps23,28,37-MvB12 Vps22,25,36 Vps20,24,2-Snf7 | Endosomes | Multivesicular body formation (lysosomal pathway) Cytokinesis Autophagy | Katzmann et al. 2001; Hurley and Hanson 2010 |
| Retromer | SNX1,2,5,6 Vps26,29-35 | Early endosome | Endosome-TGN sorting | Seaman et al. 1998; Bonifacino and Hurley 2008 |
| Exomera | Chs5,6-Bch1,2-Bud7 | Golgi/endosome | TGN-plasma membrane sorting | Wang et al. 2006 |
| BBsome | BBS1,2,4,5,7,8,9,10 | Primary cilium | Plasma membrane-ciliary membrane sorting | Nachury et al. 2007; Nachury et al. 2010 |
Coats involved in trafficking steps from or to the Golgi are highlighted in bold.
aExomer is restricted to yeast and fungi that expressed chitin.