Learn more: PMC Disclaimer | PMC Copyright Notice
RNA polymerase II cofactor PC2 facilitates activation of transcription by GAL4-AH in vitro.
Abstract
We have isolated from a crude Hela cell cofactor fraction (USA) a novel positive cofactor that cooperates with the general transcription machinery to effect efficient stimulation of transcription by GAL4-AH, a derivative of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae regulatory factor GAL4. PC2 was shown to be a 500-kDa protein complex and to be functionally and biochemically distinct from native TFIID and previously identified cofactors. In the presence of native TFIID and other general factors, PC2 was necessary and sufficient for activation by GAL4-AH. Cofactor function was specific for transcriptional activation domains of GAL4-AH. The repressor histone H1 further potentiated but was not required for activation of transcription by GAL4-AH. On the basis of the observation that PC2 exerts entirely positive effects on transcription, we propose a model in which PC2 increases the activity of the preinitiation complex in the presence of an activator, thereby establishing a specific pathway during activation of RNA polymerase II.
Full text
Full text is available as a scanned copy of the original print version. Get a printable copy (PDF file) of the complete article (2.6M), or click on a page image below to browse page by page. Links to PubMed are also available for Selected References.
Images in this article
Click on the image to see a larger version.
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Adams CC, Workman JL. Nucleosome displacement in transcription. Cell. 1993 Feb 12;72(3):305–308. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Auble DT, Hahn S. An ATP-dependent inhibitor of TBP binding to DNA. Genes Dev. 1993 May;7(5):844–856. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Berger SL, Piña B, Silverman N, Marcus GA, Agapite J, Regier JL, Triezenberg SJ, Guarente L. Genetic isolation of ADA2: a potential transcriptional adaptor required for function of certain acidic activation domains. Cell. 1992 Jul 24;70(2):251–265. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Berkenstam A, Vivanco Ruiz MM, Barettino D, Horikoshi M, Stunnenberg HG. Cooperativity in transactivation between retinoic acid receptor and TFIID requires an activity analogous to E1A. Cell. 1992 May 1;69(3):401–412. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brou C, Chaudhary S, Davidson I, Lutz Y, Wu J, Egly JM, Tora L, Chambon P. Distinct TFIID complexes mediate the effect of different transcriptional activators. EMBO J. 1993 Feb;12(2):489–499. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chiang CM, Ge H, Wang Z, Hoffmann A, Roeder RG. Unique TATA-binding protein-containing complexes and cofactors involved in transcription by RNA polymerases II and III. EMBO J. 1993 Jul;12(7):2749–2762. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Colgan J, Wampler S, Manley JL. Interaction between a transcriptional activator and transcription factor IIB in vivo. Nature. 1993 Apr 8;362(6420):549–553. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Conaway JW, Reines D, Conaway RC. Transcription initiated by RNA polymerase II and purified transcription factors from liver. Cooperative action of transcription factors tau and epsilon in initial complex formation. J Biol Chem. 1990 May 5;265(13):7552–7558. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Conaway RC, Conaway JW. General initiation factors for RNA polymerase II. Annu Rev Biochem. 1993;62:161–190. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Croston GE, Laybourn PJ, Paranjape SM, Kadonaga JT. Mechanism of transcriptional antirepression by GAL4-VP16. Genes Dev. 1992 Dec;6(12A):2270–2281. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dusserre Y, Mermod N. Purified cofactors and histone H1 mediate transcriptional regulation by CTF/NF-I. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Nov;12(11):5228–5237. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dynlacht BD, Hoey T, Tjian R. Isolation of coactivators associated with the TATA-binding protein that mediate transcriptional activation. Cell. 1991 Aug 9;66(3):563–576. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fischer L, Gerard M, Chalut C, Lutz Y, Humbert S, Kanno M, Chambon P, Egly JM. Cloning of the 62-kilodalton component of basic transcription factor BTF2. Science. 1992 Sep 4;257(5075):1392–1395. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Flores O, Lu H, Reinberg D. Factors involved in specific transcription by mammalian RNA polymerase II. Identification and characterization of factor IIH. J Biol Chem. 1992 Feb 5;267(4):2786–2793. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Giniger E, Ptashne M. Transcription in yeast activated by a putative amphipathic alpha helix linked to a DNA binding unit. Nature. 1987 Dec 17;330(6149):670–672. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Greenblatt J. Roles of TFIID in transcriptional initiation by RNA polymerase II. Cell. 1991 Sep 20;66(6):1067–1070. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hahn S. Structure(?) and function of acidic transcription activators. Cell. 1993 Feb 26;72(4):481–483. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hernandez N. TBP, a universal eukaryotic transcription factor? Genes Dev. 1993 Jul;7(7B):1291–1308. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hisatake K, Hasegawa S, Takada R, Nakatani Y, Horikoshi M, Roeder RG. The p250 subunit of native TATA box-binding factor TFIID is the cell-cycle regulatory protein CCG1. Nature. 1993 Mar 11;362(6416):179–181. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hoey T, Weinzierl RO, Gill G, Chen JL, Dynlacht BD, Tjian R. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of Drosophila TAF110 reveal properties expected of coactivators. Cell. 1993 Jan 29;72(2):247–260. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hoffman A, Sinn E, Yamamoto T, Wang J, Roy A, Horikoshi M, Roeder RG. Highly conserved core domain and unique N terminus with presumptive regulatory motifs in a human TATA factor (TFIID). Nature. 1990 Jul 26;346(6282):387–390. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Horikoshi M, Carey MF, Kakidani H, Roeder RG. Mechanism of action of a yeast activator: direct effect of GAL4 derivatives on mammalian TFIID-promoter interactions. Cell. 1988 Aug 26;54(5):665–669. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Inostroza JA, Mermelstein FH, Ha I, Lane WS, Reinberg D. Dr1, a TATA-binding protein-associated phosphoprotein and inhibitor of class II gene transcription. Cell. 1992 Aug 7;70(3):477–489. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kelleher RJ, 3rd, Flanagan PM, Kornberg RD. A novel mediator between activator proteins and the RNA polymerase II transcription apparatus. Cell. 1990 Jun 29;61(7):1209–1215. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kim TK, Roeder RG. Transcriptional activation in yeast by the proline-rich activation domain of human CTF1. J Biol Chem. 1993 Oct 5;268(28):20866–20869. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kim WY, Dahmus ME. Purification of RNA polymerase IIO from calf thymus. J Biol Chem. 1988 Dec 15;263(35):18880–18885. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kirschbaum BJ, Pognonec P, Roeder RG. Definition of the transcriptional activation domain of recombinant 43-kilodalton USF. Mol Cell Biol. 1992 Nov;12(11):5094–5101. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kokubo T, Gong DW, Yamashita S, Horikoshi M, Roeder RG, Nakatani Y. Drosophila 230-kD TFIID subunit, a functional homolog of the human cell cycle gene product, negatively regulates DNA binding of the TATA box-binding subunit of TFIID. Genes Dev. 1993 Jun;7(6):1033–1046. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kretzschmar M, Meisterernst M, Roeder RG. Identification of human DNA topoisomerase I as a cofactor for activator-dependent transcription by RNA polymerase II. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993 Dec 15;90(24):11508–11512. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kretzschmar M, Meisterernst M, Scheidereit C, Li G, Roeder RG. Transcriptional regulation of the HIV-1 promoter by NF-kappa B in vitro. Genes Dev. 1992 May;6(5):761–774. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kuhn A, Grummt I. Dual role of the nucleolar transcription factor UBF: trans-activator and antirepressor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Aug 15;89(16):7340–7344. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Laybourn PJ, Kadonaga JT. Role of nucleosomal cores and histone H1 in regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. Science. 1991 Oct 11;254(5029):238–245. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lee WS, Kao CC, Bryant GO, Liu X, Berk AJ. Adenovirus E1A activation domain binds the basic repeat in the TATA box transcription factor. Cell. 1991 Oct 18;67(2):365–376. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lin YS, Carey MF, Ptashne M, Green MR. GAL4 derivatives function alone and synergistically with mammalian activators in vitro. Cell. 1988 Aug 26;54(5):659–664. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lin YS, Green MR. Mechanism of action of an acidic transcriptional activator in vitro. Cell. 1991 Mar 8;64(5):971–981. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Matsui T, Segall J, Weil PA, Roeder RG. Multiple factors required for accurate initiation of transcription by purified RNA polymerase II. J Biol Chem. 1980 Dec 25;255(24):11992–11996. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Meisterernst M, Roeder RG. Family of proteins that interact with TFIID and regulate promoter activity. Cell. 1991 Nov 1;67(3):557–567. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Meisterernst M, Roy AL, Lieu HM, Roeder RG. Activation of class II gene transcription by regulatory factors is potentiated by a novel activity. Cell. 1991 Sep 6;66(5):981–993. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Merino A, Madden KR, Lane WS, Champoux JJ, Reinberg D. DNA topoisomerase I is involved in both repression and activation of transcription. Nature. 1993 Sep 16;365(6443):227–232. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Peterson CL, Herskowitz I. Characterization of the yeast SWI1, SWI2, and SWI3 genes, which encode a global activator of transcription. Cell. 1992 Feb 7;68(3):573–583. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Peterson MG, Tanese N, Pugh BF, Tjian R. Functional domains and upstream activation properties of cloned human TATA binding protein. Science. 1990 Jun 29;248(4963):1625–1630. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ptashne M, Gann AA. Activators and targets. Nature. 1990 Jul 26;346(6282):329–331. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pugh BF, Tjian R. Mechanism of transcriptional activation by Sp1: evidence for coactivators. Cell. 1990 Jun 29;61(7):1187–1197. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pugh BF, Tjian R. Diverse transcriptional functions of the multisubunit eukaryotic TFIID complex. J Biol Chem. 1992 Jan 15;267(2):679–682. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rigby PW. Three in one and one in three: it all depends on TBP. Cell. 1993 Jan 15;72(1):7–10. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Roeder RG. The complexities of eukaryotic transcription initiation: regulation of preinitiation complex assembly. Trends Biochem Sci. 1991 Nov;16(11):402–408. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Roy AL, Meisterernst M, Pognonec P, Roeder RG. Cooperative interaction of an initiator-binding transcription initiation factor and the helix-loop-helix activator USF. Nature. 1991 Nov 21;354(6350):245–248. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ruppert S, Wang EH, Tjian R. Cloning and expression of human TAFII250: a TBP-associated factor implicated in cell-cycle regulation. Nature. 1993 Mar 11;362(6416):175–179. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sawadogo M, Roeder RG. Interaction of a gene-specific transcription factor with the adenovirus major late promoter upstream of the TATA box region. Cell. 1985 Nov;43(1):165–175. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sawadogo M, Sentenac A. RNA polymerase B (II) and general transcription factors. Annu Rev Biochem. 1990;59:711–754. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Seto E, Usheva A, Zambetti GP, Momand J, Horikoshi N, Weinmann R, Levine AJ, Shenk T. Wild-type p53 binds to the TATA-binding protein and represses transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Dec 15;89(24):12028–12032. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stringer KF, Ingles CJ, Greenblatt J. Direct and selective binding of an acidic transcriptional activation domain to the TATA-box factor TFIID. Nature. 1990 Jun 28;345(6278):783–786. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Studier FW, Rosenberg AH, Dunn JJ, Dubendorff JW. Use of T7 RNA polymerase to direct expression of cloned genes. Methods Enzymol. 1990;185:60–89. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Takada R, Nakatani Y, Hoffmann A, Kokubo T, Hasegawa S, Roeder RG, Horikoshi M. Identification of human TFIID components and direct interaction between a 250-kDa polypeptide and the TATA box-binding protein (TFIID tau). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992 Dec 15;89(24):11809–11813. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tanese N, Pugh BF, Tjian R. Coactivators for a proline-rich activator purified from the multisubunit human TFIID complex. Genes Dev. 1991 Dec;5(12A):2212–2224. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wang W, Gralla JD, Carey M. The acidic activator GAL4-AH can stimulate polymerase II transcription by promoting assembly of a closed complex requiring TFIID and TFIIA. Genes Dev. 1992 Sep;6(9):1716–1727. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weis L, Reinberg D. Transcription by RNA polymerase II: initiator-directed formation of transcription-competent complexes. FASEB J. 1992 Nov;6(14):3300–3309. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Workman JL, Abmayr SM, Cromlish WA, Roeder RG. Transcriptional regulation by the immediate early protein of pseudorabies virus during in vitro nucleosome assembly. Cell. 1988 Oct 21;55(2):211–219. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Workman JL, Roeder RG, Kingston RE. An upstream transcription factor, USF (MLTF), facilitates the formation of preinitiation complexes during in vitro chromatin assembly. EMBO J. 1990 Apr;9(4):1299–1308. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Workman JL, Taylor IC, Kingston RE. Activation domains of stably bound GAL4 derivatives alleviate repression of promoters by nucleosomes. Cell. 1991 Feb 8;64(3):533–544. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zhou Q, Boyer TG, Berk AJ. Factors (TAFs) required for activated transcription interact with TATA box-binding protein conserved core domain. Genes Dev. 1993 Feb;7(2):180–187. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zhou Q, Lieberman PM, Boyer TG, Berk AJ. Holo-TFIID supports transcriptional stimulation by diverse activators and from a TATA-less promoter. Genes Dev. 1992 Oct;6(10):1964–1974. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]