Table 1.
Summary of Main Findings and Mechanisms Associated with BNST Control of Cardiovascular Function
| Animal Model | Treatment (Dose) | Local Mechanism within the BNST | Effects (Peripheral Mechanism) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular responses | ||||
| Noradrenaline (10nmol) | - Co-activation of α1- and α2-adrenoceptor - Negatively modulated by β1 -adrenoceptor | ↑ blood pressure ↓ HR (vasopressin release into the circulation) | Crestani et al, 2007; Crestani et al, 2008. | |
| Glutamate (0.25 - 1 M) | - Co-ativation of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors | ↓blood pressure ↓ HR (Decrease in vascular and cardiac sympathetic outflow) | Ciriello & Janssen, 1993*; Geslema et al, 1993; Hatam & Nasimi, 2007* | |
| Bicuculline Methiodide (100 pmol) | GABAA receptor antagonist | ↑ blood pressure ↑ HR (vasopressin release into the circulation and cardiac sympathetic activation, respectively) | Hatam et al, 2009* | |
| Carbachol (0.1 - 3 nmol) | M2 receptor activation | ↑ blood pressure ↓ HR (vasopressin release into the circulation) | Alves et al, 2007 | |
| Acetylcholine (6 nmol) | Muscarinic receptor activation | ↑ blood pressure none effect HR | Nasimi & Hatam, 2011* | |
| CRF (0.042 nmol) | CRF receptors agonist | ↑ HR | Nijsen et al, 2001 | |
| Baroreflex Modulation | ||||
| CoCl2 (1 nmol) | Synaptic blocker | Conscious animals ↑ reflex bradycardia none effect reflex tachycardia Anesthetized animals ↓ reflex bradycardia | Crestani et al., 2006; Nasimi and Hatam, 2011* | |
| WB4101 (15 nmol) | α1 - adrenoceptor antagonist | ↑ reflex bradycardia (modulation of cardiac parasympathetic activity) | Crestani et al., 2008 | |
| LY235959 (4 nmol) | NMDA receptor antagonist | ↑ reflex bradycardia | Alves et al., 2009 | |
| NPLA (0.04 nmol) Carboxy-PTIO (1 nmol) | nNOS inhibitor and NO scavenger, respectively | ↑ reflex bradycardia | Alves et al., 2009 | |
| Acetylcholine (6 nmol) | Muscarinic receptor activation | ↓ reflex bradycardia | Nasimi and Hatam, 2011* | |
| Cannabidiol (60 nmol) 8-OH-DPAT (4 nmol) | 5-HT1A receptor activation | ↑ reflex bradycardia | Alves et al., 2011 | |
| Chemoreflex Modulation | ||||
| CoCl2 (1 nmol) | Synaptic blocker | None effect | Granjeiro et al., 2012 | |
| Restraint stress | ||||
| CoCl2 (1 nmol) | Synaptic blocker | ↑ tachycardiac response none effect pressor response | Crestani et al., 2009 | |
| WB4101 (15 nmol) | α1 - adrenoceptor antagonist | None effect pressor response ↑ tachycardiac response (modulation of cardiac parasympathetic activity) | Crestani et al., 2009 | |
| Cannabidiol (30 and 60 nmol) | 5-HT1A receptor activation | ↑ tachycardiac response none effect pressor response | Gomes et al., 2012 | |
| Contextual fear conditioning | ||||
| α-helical CRF (9-41) (0.052 nmol) | CRF antagonist | ↑ tachycardiac response (modulation of cardiac parasympathetic activity) | Nijsen et al., 2001 | |
| CoCl2 (1 nmol) | Synaptic blocker | ↓ pressor response ↓ tachycardiac response | Resstel et al., 2008 | |
| WB4101 (1.7 nmol) | α1 - adrenoceptor antagonist | ↓ pressor response ↓ tachycardiac response ↓ fall in tail cutaneous temperature | Hott et al., 2012 | |
| CGP20712 (4.5 nmol) | β1 -adrenoceptor antagonist | ↓ pressor response ↓ tachycardiac response ↓ fall in tail cutaneous temperature | Hott et al., 2012 | |
| Cannabidiol (30 and 60 nmol) | 5-HT1A receptor activation | ↓ pressor response ↓ tachycardiac response | Gomes et al., 2012 | |
| Dynamic exercise | ||||
| CoCl2 (1 nmol) | Synaptic blocker | ↓ pressor response ↓ tachycardiac response | Crestani et al., 2010 | |
| WB4101 (10 nmol) | α1 - adrenoceptor antagonist | ↑ tachycardiac response None effect pressor response | Alves et al., 2011 | |
| RX821002 (10 nmol) | α2 - adrenoceptor antagonist | ↓ pressor response none effect tachycardiac response | Alves et al., 2011 | |
*anesthetized animals.
↑: increase,↓: decrease, CRF: corticotropin-releasing factor,HR: heart rate, nNOS: neuronal nitric oxide synthase, NPLA: N-propyl-L-arginine.