PMC full text:
Published online 2015 Jan 14. doi: 10.1155/2015/639369
Table 3
Parameters | (Δ): mean ± SD | Results signification | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NS | CS | HS | NS | CS | HS | |
GPx (U·gHg−1) | 2.8 ± 5.19 | 6.5 ± 5.04 | 7.23 ± 4.79 | ns | ‡ | ‡ |
SOD (U·gHg−1) | 190.8 ± 129.2 | 167.4 ± 191.9 | 300.8 ± 126.9 | ‡ | ‡ | ‡ |
MDA (μmol·L−1) | −0.16 ± 0.18 | −0.25 ± 0.23 | −0.19 ± 0.09 | † | ‡ | ‡ |
GR (U·gHg−1) | 1.24 ± 1.7 | 2.49 ± 0.88* | 2.44 ± 1.25* | † | ‡ | ‡ |
TAS (mmol·L−1) | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.02* | 0.02 ± 0.03 | ns | ‡ | † |
α-Tocopherol (μmol) | 0.48 ± 0.78 | 1.05 ± 1.53 | 1.45 ± 0.8 | ns | † | ‡ |
(Δ): mean change; NS: nonsmokers; CS: cigarette smokers; HS: hookah smokers; ns: nonsignificant; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; SOD: superoxide dismutase; MDA: malondialdehyde; GR: glutathione reductase; TAS: total antioxidant status; *significant differences compared to nonsmokers at P < 0.05; †, ‡: significant difference before versus after training program at P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively.