The Effect of a 12-Week Moderate Intensity Interval Training Program on the Antioxidant Defense Capability and Lipid Profile in Men Smoking Cigarettes or Hookah: A Cohort Study

Abdessalem Koubaa; Moez Triki; Hajer Trabelsi; Hamza Baati; Zouhair Sahnoun; Ahmed Hakim

doi:10.1155/2015/639369

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ScientificWorldJournal. 2015; 2015: 639369.

Published online 2015 Jan 14. doi: 10.1155/2015/639369

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Table 4

Blood lipid levels of smokers and nonsmokers before training program (mean ± SD).

Parameters	Nonsmokers	Cigarette smokers	Hookah smokers	ANOVA
HDL-C (mmol·L⁻¹)	1.12 ± 0.12	0.99 ± 0.04^***	0.97 ± 0.05^***	F(2; 33) = 12.19; P < 0.001; η _P ² = 0.42
LDL-C (mmol·L⁻¹)	2.89 ± 0.22	2.9 ± 0.1	2.75 ± 0.17	F(2; 33) = 2.75; P = 0.079; η _P ² = 0.14
TG (mmol·L⁻¹)	0.9 (0.2)	1.28 (0.22)^***	1.38 ± 0.32^***	F(2; 33) = 12.51; P < 0.001; η _P ² = 0.43
TC (mmol·L⁻¹)	4.42 ± 0.12	4.48 ± 0.09	4.36 ± 0.11^#	F(2; 33) = 3.73; P = 0.035; η _P ² = 0.18
HDL-C/TRIG	1.29 ± 0.32	0.8 ± 0.15^***	0.74 ± 0.15^***	F(2; 33) = 22.45; P < 0.001; η _P ² = 0.58
TC/HDL-C	4 ± 0.44	4.52 ± 0.18^***	4.49 ± 0.22^***	F(2; 33) = 11.09; P < 0.001; η _P ² = 0.40

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HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; ^***significant difference compared with nonsmokers at P < 0.001; ^#significant difference compared with cigarettes smokers at P = 0.035.