Table 1
Status of quorum sensing systems in Actinobacteria.
| S. No. | Genus | Signal type | Proteins/Homologs Involved/Domain Architecture | Phenotypes regulated | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Actinobacterial genera with experimental evidence of quorum sensing | |||||
| 1 | Actinoplanes | VB-type | Medically important secondary metabolite | Choi et al., 2003 | |
| 2 | Amycolatopsis | IM2-type | Medically important secondary metabolite | Choi et al., 2003 | |
| 3 | Bifidobacterium | Autoinducer AI-2 | LuxS, LuxR_C_Like, REC | Biofilm formation | Santos et al., 2012; Sun et al., 2014 |
| 4 | Kitasatospora | GBL | KsbA | Bafilomycin production | Choi et al., 2004 |
| 5 | Leifsonia | Putative AHL signal | LuxR_C_Like, REC | Santos et al., 2012; This study | |
| 6 | Micromonospora | IM2-type with long C2 chain | Medically important secondary metabolite | Choi et al., 2003 | |
| 7 | Mycobacterium∗ | cAMP and cGMP, ppGpp, c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP | AAA, CHD, HDc, LuxR_C_Like, MAP0928, REC, WhiB3 | Biofilm formation and pathogenicity | Banaiee et al., 2006; Takano, 2006; Chen and Xie, 2011; Santos et al., 2012; Sharma et al., 2014 |
| 8 | Propionibacterium | Autoinducer AI-2 | LuxR_C_Like, REC | Biofilm formation and upregulation of virulence factors | Coenye et al., 2007; Santos et al., 2012; Lwin et al., 2014 |
| 9 | Streptomyces∗ | GBLs, MMFs, Factor-A, Factor-I, IM-2, VB, PI factor | AAA, AlpZ, AplW, ArpA, Aur1R, AvrA, BarA, BarB, Brp, CprA, FarA, JadR2, LuxR_C_Like, MmfR, NcsR2, Orf74, Orf79, Orf82, REC, SabR, SAV2268, SAV2270, SAV3702, ScbA, ScaR, ScbR, SCO6286, SCO6323, Sng, SpbR, TarA, TPR, TylP, TylQ | Production of antibiotics (Act, Clavulanic acid, Cephamycin, D-cycloserine, Kas, Methylenomycin, Natamycin, Nikkomycin, Nucleoside, Pristinamycin, Red, Streptomycin, Tylosin, Virginiamycin), morphogenesis and sporulation | Recio et al., 2004; Takano, 2006; Gottelt et al., 2012; Santos et al., 2012 (and references within); Willey and Gaskell, 2011 |
| Actinobacterial genera with only bioinformatic evidence of quorum sensing | |||||
| 10 | Acidothermus | LuxR_C_Like, REC | Santos et al., 2012 | ||
| 11 | Arthrobacter∗ | AAA, LuxR_C_Like, REC | Santos et al., 2012 | ||
| 12 | Brevibacterium | Transcriptional regulator (GenBank: ZP_00378009) | Takano, 2006 | ||
| 13 | Clavibacter | LuxR_C_Like, REC | Santos et al., 2012 | ||
| 14 | Corynebacterium | LuxR_C_Like, REC | Santos et al., 2012 | ||
| 15 | Frankia | AAA, LuxR_C_Like, REC | Santos et al., 2012 | ||
| 16 | Kineococcus | AAA, LuxR_C_Like, REC | Santos et al., 2012 | ||
| 17 | Kocuria | LuxR_C_Like, REC | Santos et al., 2012 | ||
| 18 | Nocardia | FHA, LuxR_C_Like, REC, Transcriptional regulator (GenBank: BAD59728, BAD55455) | Takano, 2006; Santos et al., 2012 | ||
| 19 | Nocardioides∗ | HDc, LuxR_C_Like, REC | Santos et al., 2012 | ||
| 20 | Renibacterium | LuxR_C_Like, REC | Santos et al., 2012 | ||
| 21 | Rhodococcus∗ | AfsA, ArpA, CSP_CDS, FHA, HDc, LuxR_C_Like, PBD2.026, PKC, REC, TPR, Similar to VB-R (Genbank: AAR90230), Transcriptional regulator (GenBank: AAR90151) | Plant pathogenesis, Biocontrol agent | Takano, 2006; Wuster and Babu, 2008; Santos et al., 2012; Latour et al., 2013 | |
| 22 | Rubrobacter | LuxR_C_Like, PAS, REC | Santos et al., 2012 | ||
| 23 | Saccharopolyspora | LuxR_C_Like, REC, SeaR, TPR | Takano, 2006; Santos et al., 2012 | ||
| 24 | Salinispora | LuxR_C_Like, REC | Takano, 2006; Santos et al., 2012 | ||
| 25 | Thermobifida | LuxR_C_Like, REC, TPR | Santos et al., 2012 | ||
Information used in the table was derived from the references cited here and some taxa may have been missed. ‘∗’ denotes genera with known quorum quenching ability that also includes Microbacterium which is not shown in here as no known quorum sensing evidence exists for it.