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ReefMedMol: Mollusca from the infralittoral rocky shores - the biocoenosis of photophilic algae - in the Mediterranean Sea.
Associated Data
Abstract
Background
This paper describes two datasets on the molluscan fauna from the Mediterranean infralittoral reef ecosystem - the biocoenosis of photophilic algae. The first dataset is taken from the East Mediterranean node of the NAGISA project. The second one is a compilation based on the available published material in peer - reviewed journals as well as from the accessible grey literature. These datasets cover a time period of 43 years from 1969 to 2012 from several locations spanning the Mediterranean Sea.
New information
This dataset is the only one available from this important Mediterranean Habitat, coded as 1170 in the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) and can provide valuable information on the needs of ecosystems functions and services assessment, habitat and species conservation as well as marine spatial planning.
Introduction
The Mediterranean Sea is the largest enclosed marine environment globally (Coll et al. 2010). A large proportion of its coastline is rocky and mainly made by limestone, a defining characteristic of this marine basin (Gerovasileiou and Voultsiadou 2012). There, marine hard substrates exists which is of great ecological and economic value due to the high structural complexity on which rich marine communities are based. Yet, several goods and services are provided by (Salomidi et al. 2012). Due to the importance of this marine ecosystem, Habitat Directive 92/43/EEC includes it under the code 1170 (Reefs). In the infralittoral zone of the hard substrate, several biocoenoses exist (Pérès and Picard 1964). Among them, the biocoenosis of the photophilic algae is the one that dominates the hard substrates in depths up to 30 meters, depending on the water turbidity, light penetration and availability of nutrients (Coppejans 1980). Macroalgae, the main component of this biocoenosis, provides an excellent host for food and shelter to the taxonomic group of molluscs. This is one of the most important animal groups found in the Mediterranean Sea, and its molluscan fauna is the best known in the world (Sabelli and Taviani 2013) while from the 17,000 marine species that have been found in the Mediterranean, 13% are molluscs (Coll et al. 2010). The biocoenosis of photophilic algae is, however, poorly studied in terms of molluscan biodiversity; few studies examine the species communities in the infralittoral zone. All of them are paper-based, while the detection of them as well as the compilation of the included published information about the species and other associated data (sampling method, depths, location, time period) cannot be retrieved automatically by machine-learning methods and tools.
This study attempts to expand the current knowledge on the rocky infralittoral zone of the Mediterranean Sea by providing occurrence data of molluscan species from two different sources. The first one comes from the sampling campaign of the NAGISA project in the East Mediterranean Sea while the second one comes from the compilation of the available and accessible published material in peer-reviewed journals and grey literature. The present datasets include georeferenced and fully documented information from 22 regions/sampling sites across the Mediterranean Sea, from 1969 to 2012 (Table (Table1)1) on 599 species of molluscs (Table (Table2).2). Additional information based on the dataset of the NAGISA project about the recorded individuals per species is alsoincluded (127 species, 10326 individuals).
Table 1.
Coordinates, depth and sampling dates of the sampling localities
Country | Sampling site | Minimum depth (in meters) | Maximum depth (in meters) | Latitude | Longitude | Sampling period |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albania | Vlora bay | 1 | 15 | 40.36343 | 19.473392 | 2004-2006 |
France | Marseille area | 5 | 25 | 43.18859 | 5.546588 | 1969 |
France | Calvi | 3 | 30 | 42.57192 | 8.747125 | 1980-1983 |
Greece | Chalkidiki peninsula | 15 | 30 | 40.11722 | 23.984323 | 1997-1998 |
Greece | Chalkidiki peninsula | 15 | 40 | 39.98843 | 23.858191 | 1997-1998 |
Greece | Chalkidiki peninsula | 15 | 40 | 39.98843 | 23.858191 | 1998-1999 |
Greece | Pelagos - Piperi - Gioura | 2 | 8 | 39.32063 | 24.054025 | 1995 |
Italy | Isola Bella | 1 | 30 | 37.84993 | 15.300747 | 1990 |
Italy | Lampedusa | 0 | 10 | 35.52305 | 12.59324 | 1990 |
Italy | Ionian coast of Salento | 40.2732 | 17.791895 | 1992-2002 | ||
Italy | Capo Madonna, Lampedusa Island | 1 | 6 | 35.4982 | 12.589623 | 1994 |
Italy | Gulf of Castellammare | 16 | 22 | 38.03581 | 12.874333 | 1995 |
Italy | Ustica island | 1 | 15 | 38.6938 | 13.178993 | 1996 |
Italy | Otranto | 5 | 25 | 40.14283 | 18.507785 | 2000 |
Italy | South-western coast of Apulia | 3 | 4 | 40.18485 | 17.92297 | 2002 |
Italy | Torre del Serpe | 1 | 20 | 40.145 | 18.505 | 2004-2009 |
Slovenia | Gulf or Trieste | 1 | 4 | 45.54799 | 13.662176 | 2008-2012 |
Spain | Medes island | 1 | 30 | 42.04534 | 3.224491 | 1984 |
Spain | Bay of Algeciras | 3 | 5 | 36.13232 | -5.418617 | 1992-1993 |
Tunisia | Tunis town | 1 | 2 | 36.82333 | 10.31931 | 2009-2010 |
Tunisia | Tunis town | 3 | 15 | 36.82333 | 10.31931 | 2009-2010 |
Turkey | Izmir bay | 1 | 20 | 38.41861 | 27.139167 | 1978 |
Table 2.
The assembled species list in phylogenetic order.
Class | Family | Species | Authority |
---|---|---|---|
Polyplacophora | Chitonidae | Chiton olivaceus | Spengler, 1797 |
Polyplacophora | Chitonidae | Chiton corallinus | (Risso, 1826) |
Polyplacophora | Chitonidae | Chiton phaseolinus | Monterosato, 1879 |
Polyplacophora | Leptochitonidae | Lepidopleurus cajetanus | (Poli, 1791) |
Polyplacophora | Leptochitonidae | Lepidopleurus sp. | Risso, 1826 |
Polyplacophora | Leptochitonidae | Leptochiton scabridus | (Jeffreys, 1880) |
Polyplacophora | Ischnochitonidae | Ischnochiton rissoi | (Payraudeau, 1826) |
Polyplacophora | Ischnochitonidae | Ischnochiton sp. | |
Polyplacophora | Callistoplacidae | Callistochiton pachylasmae | (Monterosato, 1879) |
Polyplacophora | Callochitonidae | Callochiton septemvalvis | (Montagu, 1803) |
Polyplacophora | Lepidochitonidae | Lepidochitona sp. | Gray, 1821 |
Polyplacophora | Lepidochitonidae | Lepidochitona caprearum | (Scacchi, 1836) |
Polyplacophora | Lepidochitonidae | Lepidochitona cinerea | (Linnaeus, 1767) |
Polyplacophora | Lepidochitonidae | Lepidochitona furtiva | (Monterosato, 1879) |
Polyplacophora | Lepidochitonidae | Lepidochitona monterosatoi | Kaas & Van Belle, 1981 |
Polyplacophora | Acanthochitonidae | Acanthochitona discrepans | (Brown, 1827) |
Polyplacophora | Acanthochitonidae | Acanthochitona fascicularis | (Linnaeus, 1767) |
Gastropoda | Patellidae | Patella caerulea | Linnaeus, 1758 |
Gastropoda | Patellidae | Patella rustica | Linnaeus, 1758 |
Gastropoda | Patellidae | Patella ulyssiponensis | Gmelin, 1791 |
Gastropoda | Lottiidae | Tectura virginea | (O. F. Müller, 1776) |
Gastropoda | Fissurellidae | Diodora dorsata | (Monterosato, 1878) |
Gastropoda | Fissurellidae | Diodora gibberula | (Lamarck, 1822) |
Gastropoda | Fissurellidae | Diodora graeca | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Fissurellidae | Diodora italica | (Defrance, 1820) |
Gastropoda | Fissurellidae | Emarginula sp. | |
Gastropoda | Fissurellidae | Emarginula adriatica | O. G. Costa, 1830 |
Gastropoda | Fissurellidae | Emarginula huzardii | Payraudeau, 1826 |
Gastropoda | Fissurellidae | Emarginula octaviana | Coen, 1939 |
Gastropoda | Fissurellidae | Emarginula tenera | Locard, 1892 |
Gastropoda | Fissurellidae | Fissurella nubecula | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Fissurellidae | Puncturella noachina | (Linnaeus, 1771) |
Gastropoda | Scissurellidae | Scissurella costata | d'Orbigny, 1824 |
Gastropoda | Scissurellidae | Sinezona cingulata | (O. G. Costa, 1861) |
Gastropoda | Anatomidae | Anatoma crispata | (Fleming, 1828) |
Gastropoda | Haliotidae | Haliotis tuberculata | Linnaeus, 1758 |
Gastropoda | Haliotidae | Haliotis tuberculata lamellosa | Lamarck, 1822 |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Clanculus sp. | |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Clanculus corallinus | (Gmelin, 1791) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Clanculus cruciatus | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Clanculus jussieui | (Payraudeau, 1826) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Gibbula adansonii | (Payraudeau, 1826) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Gibbula adriatica | (Philippi, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Gibbula albida | (Gmelin, 1791) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Gibbula ardens | (Salis Marschlins, 1793) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Gibbula divaricata | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Gibbula drepanensis | (Brugnone, 1873) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Gibbula fanulum | (Gmelin, 1791) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Gibbula guttadauri | (Philippi, 1836) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Gibbula leucophaea | (Philippi, 1836) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Gibbula magus | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Gibbula philberti | (Récluz, 1843) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Gibbula racketti | (Payraudeau, 1826) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Gibbula rarilineata | (Michaud, 1829) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Gibbula tingitana | Pallary, 1901 |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Gibbula turbinoides | (Deshayes, 1835) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Gibbula umbilicaris | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Gibbula varia | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Jujubinus exasperatus | (Pennant, 1777) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Jujubinus gravinae | (Dautzenberg, 1881) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Jujubinus ruscurianus | (Weinkauff, 1868) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Jujubinus striatus | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Phorcus articulatus | (Lamarck, 1822) |
Gastropoda | Trochidae | Phorcus turbinatus | (Born, 1778) |
Gastropoda | Calliostomatidae | Calliostoma conulus | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Calliostomatidae | Calliostoma gualterianum | (Philippi, 1848) |
Gastropoda | Calliostomatidae | Calliostoma laugieri | (Payraudeau, 1826) |
Gastropoda | Calliostomatidae | Calliostoma zizyphinum | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Turbinidae | Bolma rugosa | (Linnaeus, 1767) |
Gastropoda | Skeneidae | Skenea serpuloides | (Montagu, 1808) |
Gastropoda | Chilodontidae | Danilia otaviana | (Cantraine, 1835) |
Gastropoda | Phasianellidae | Tricolia sp. | |
Gastropoda | Phasianellidae | Tricolia entomocheila | Gofas, 1993 |
Gastropoda | Phasianellidae | Tricolia miniata | (Monterosato, 1884) |
Gastropoda | Phasianellidae | Tricolia pullus | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Phasianellidae | Tricolia speciosa | (Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1824) |
Gastropoda | Phasianellidae | Tricolia tenuis | (Michaud, 1829) |
Gastropoda | Phasianellidae | Tricolia tingitana | Gofas, 1982 |
Gastropoda | Colloniidae | Homalopoma sanguineum | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Neritidae | Smaragdia viridis | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Neritidae | Theodoxus fluviatilis | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Cerithiidae | Bittium sp. | |
Gastropoda | Cerithiidae | Bittium lacteum | (Philippi, 1836) |
Gastropoda | Cerithiidae | Bittium latreillii | (Payraudeau, 1826) |
Gastropoda | Cerithiidae | Bittium nanum | (Mayer, 1864) |
Gastropoda | Cerithiidae | Bittium reticulatum | (da Costa, 1778) |
Gastropoda | Cerithiidae | Bittium submamillatum | (de Rayneval & Ponzi, 1854) |
Gastropoda | Cerithiidae | Cerithium sp. | |
Gastropoda | Cerithiidae | Cerithium lividulum | Risso, 1826 |
Gastropoda | Cerithiidae | Cerithium renovatum | Monterosato, 1884 |
Gastropoda | Cerithiidae | Cerithium vulgatum | Bruguière, 1792 |
Gastropoda | Cerithiidae | Cerithium scabridum | Philippi, 1848 |
Gastropoda | Cerithiidae | Cerithium vulgatum | Bruguière, 1792 |
Gastropoda | Planaxidae | Fossarus ambiguus | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Potamididae | Pirenella conica | (Blainville, 1829) |
Gastropoda | Turritellidae | Turritella communis | Risso, 1826 |
Gastropoda | Turritellidae | Turritella triplicata | (Brocchi, 1814) |
Gastropoda | Triphoridae | Cheirodonta pallescens | (Jeffreys, 1867) |
Gastropoda | Triphoridae | Cosmotriphora melanura | (C. B. Adams, 1850) |
Gastropoda | Triphoridae | Marshallora adversa | (Montagu, 1803) |
Gastropoda | Triphoridae | Metaxia metaxa | (Delle Chiaje, 1828) |
Gastropoda | Triphoridae | Monophorus sp. | |
Gastropoda | Triphoridae | Monophorus erythrosoma | (Bouchet & Guillemot, 1978) |
Gastropoda | Triphoridae | Monophorus perversus | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Triphoridae | Monophorus thiriotae | Bouchet, 1985 |
Gastropoda | Triphoridae | Similiphora similior | (Bouchet & Guillemot, 1978) |
Gastropoda | Cerithiopsidae | Cerithiopsis sp. | |
Gastropoda | Cerithiopsidae | Cerithiopsis atalaya | Watson, 1885 |
Gastropoda | Cerithiopsidae | Cerithiopsis barleei | Jeffreys, 1867 |
Gastropoda | Cerithiopsidae | Cerithiopsis fayalensis | Watson, 1880 |
Gastropoda | Cerithiopsidae | Cerithiopsis minima | (Brusina, 1865) |
Gastropoda | Cerithiopsidae | Cerithiopsis scalaris | Locard, 1892 |
Gastropoda | Cerithiopsidae | Cerithiopsis tubercularis | (Montagu, 1803) |
Gastropoda | Cerithiopsidae | Dizoniopsis bilineata | (Hoernes, 1848) |
Gastropoda | Cerithiopsidae | Dizoniopsis coppolae | (Aradas, 1870) |
Gastropoda | Cerithiopsidae | Krachia tiara | (Monterosato, 1874) |
Gastropoda | Cerithiopsidae | Seila trilineata | (Philippi, 1836) |
Gastropoda | Epitoniidae | Epitonium clathrus | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Epitoniidae | Epitonium tenuicostatum | (G. B. Sowerby, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Epitoniidae | Epitonium turtonis | (Turton, 1819) |
Gastropoda | Epitoniidae | Gyroscala lamellosa | (Lamarck, 1822) |
Gastropoda | Eulimidae | Eulima glabra | (da Costa, 1778) |
Gastropoda | Eulimidae | Melanella lubrica | (Monterosato, 1890) |
Gastropoda | Eulimidae | Melanella petitiana | (Brusina, 1869) |
Gastropoda | Eulimidae | Melanella polita | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Eulimidae | Melanella praecurta | (Pallary, 1904) |
Gastropoda | Eulimidae | Vitreolina incurva | (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883) |
Gastropoda | Eulimidae | Vitreolina philippi | (de Rayneval & Ponzi, 1854) |
Gastropoda | Littorinidae | Echinolittorina punctata | (Gmelin, 1791) |
Gastropoda | Littorinidae | Melarhaphe neritoides | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Skeneopsidae | Skeneopsis planorbis | (O. Fabricius, 1780) |
Gastropoda | Cingulopsidae | Eatonina cossurae | (Calcara, 1841) |
Gastropoda | Cingulopsidae | Eatonina fulgida | (Adams J., 1797) |
Gastropoda | Cingulopsidae | Tubbreva micrometrica | (Aradas & Benoit, 1876) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania sp. | |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania aspera | (Philippi, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania beanii | (Hanley in Thorpe, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Crisilla beniamina | (Monterosato, 1884) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania cancellata | (da Costa, 1778) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania cimex | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania colossophilus | Oberling, 1970 |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania discors | (Allan, 1818) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania dorbignyi | (Audouin, 1826) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania geryonia | (Nardo, 1847) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania hallgassi | Amati & Oliverio, 1985 |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania lactea | (Michaud, 1830) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania lanciae | (Calcara, 1845) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania lineata | Risso, 1826 |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania mamillata | Risso, 1826 |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania pagodula | (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1884) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania parvula | (Jeffreys, 1884) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania rudis | (Philippi, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania scabra | (Philippi, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania simulans | Locard, 1886 |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania spinosa | (Monterosato, 1890) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania subcrenulata | (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1884) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania tenera | (Philippi, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Alvania tessellata | Schwartz in Weinkauff, 1868 |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Benthonella tenella | (Jeffreys, 1869) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Crisilla beniamina | (Monterosato, 1884) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Crisilla semistriata | (Montagu, 1808) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Manzonia crassa | (Kanmacher, 1798) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Peringiella elegans | (Locard, 1892) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Pusillina sp. | |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Pusillina benzi | (Aradas & Maggiore, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Pusillina inconspicua | (Alder, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Pusillina lineolata | (Michaud, 1830) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Pusillina marginata | (Michaud, 1830) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Pusillina philippi | (Aradas & Maggiore, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Pusillina radiata | (Philippi, 1836) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Rissoa sp. | |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Rissoa auriscalpium | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Rissoa decorata | Philippi, 1846 |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Rissoa guerinii | Récluz, 1843 |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Rissoa lia | (Monterosato, 1884) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Rissoa lilacina | Récluz, 1843 |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Rissoa membranacea | (J. Adams, 1800) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Rissoa monodonta | Philippi, 1836 |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Rissoa parva | (da Costa, 1778) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Rissoa scurra | (Monterosato, 1917) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Rissoa similis | Scacchi, 1836 |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Rissoa splendida | Eichwald, 1830 |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Rissoa variabilis | (Von Mühlfeldt, 1824) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Rissoa ventricosa | Desmarest, 1814 |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Rissoa violacea | Desmarest, 1814 |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Setia amabilis | (Locard, 1886) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Setia ambigua | (Brugnone, 1873) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Setia antipolitana | (van der Linden & W. M. Wagner, 1987) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Setia maculata | (Monterosato, 1869) |
Gastropoda | Rissoidae | Setia turriculata | Monterosato, 1884 |
Gastropoda | Anabathridae | Nodulus contortus | (Jeffreys, 1856) |
Gastropoda | Anabathridae | Pisinna glabrata | (Megerle von Mühlfeld, 1824) |
Gastropoda | Barleeiidae | Barleeia unifasciata | (Montagu, 1803) |
Gastropoda | Caecidae | Caecum antillarum | Carpenter, 1858 |
Gastropoda | Caecidae | Caecum clarkii | Carpenter, 1859 |
Gastropoda | Caecidae | Caecum subannulatum | de Folin, 1870 |
Gastropoda | Caecidae | Caecum trachea | (Montagu, 1803) |
Gastropoda | Caecidae | Parastrophia asturiana | de Folin, 1870 |
Gastropoda | Iravadiidae | Hyala vitrea | (Montagu, 1803) |
Gastropoda | Tornidae | Circulus striatus | (Philippi, 1836) |
Gastropoda | Truncatellidae | Truncatella subcylindrica | (Linnaeus, 1767) |
Gastropoda | Vermetidae | Dendropoma cristatum | (Biondi, 1859) |
Gastropoda | Vermetidae | Thylacodes arenarius | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Vermetidae | Thylaeodus rugulosus | (Monterosato, 1878) |
Gastropoda | Vermetidae | Vermetus granulatus | (Gravenhorst, 1831) |
Gastropoda | Vermetidae | Vermetus triquetrus | Bivona-Bernardi, 1832 |
Gastropoda | Volvatellidae | Ascobulla fragilis | (Jeffreys, 1856) |
Gastropoda | Strombidae | Conomurex persicus | (Swainson, 1821) |
Gastropoda | Vanikoridae | Megalomphalus azoneus | (Brusina, 1865) |
Gastropoda | Calyptraeidae | Calyptraea chinensis | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Calyptraeidae | Crepidula fornicata | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Calyptraeidae | Crepidula moulinsii | Michaud, 1829 |
Gastropoda | Calyptraeidae | Crepidula unguiformis | Lamarck, 1822 |
Gastropoda | Capulidae | Capulus ungaricus | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Triviidae | Erato voluta | (Montagu, 1803) |
Gastropoda | Triviidae | Trivia mediterranea | (Risso, 1826) |
Gastropoda | Triviidae | Trivia monacha | (da Costa, 1778) |
Gastropoda | Cypraeidae | Erosaria spurca | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Cypraeidae | Luria lurida | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Cypraeidae | Zonaria pyrum | (Gmelin, 1791) |
Gastropoda | Ovulidae | Pseudosimnia carnea | (Poiret, 1789) |
Gastropoda | Naticidae | Euspira intricata | (Donovan, 1804) |
Gastropoda | Naticidae | Euspira macilenta | (Philippi, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Naticidae | Naticarius stercusmuscarum | (Gmelin, 1791) |
Gastropoda | Naticidae | Neverita josephinia | Risso, 1826 |
Gastropoda | Naticidae | Notocochlis dillwynii | (Payraudeau, 1826) |
Gastropoda | Ranellidae | Cabestana cutacea | (Linnaeus, 1767) |
Gastropoda | Ranellidae | Charonia variegata | (Lamarck, 1816) |
Gastropoda | Bursidae | Bursa scrobilator | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Muricidae | Bolinus brandaris | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Muricidae | Coralliophila brevis | (Blainville, 1832) |
Gastropoda | Muricidae | Coralliophila meyendorffii | (Calcara, 1845) |
Gastropoda | Muricidae | Hadriania craticulata | Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1882 |
Gastropoda | Muricidae | Hexaplex trunculus | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Muricidae | Hirtomurex squamosus | (Bivona Ant. in Bivona And., 1838) |
Gastropoda | Muricidae | Murexsul cevikeri | (Houart, 2000) |
Gastropoda | Muricidae | Muricopsis cristata | (Brocchi, 1814) |
Gastropoda | Muricidae | Ocenebra erinaceus | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Muricidae | Ocinebrina sp. | |
Gastropoda | Muricidae | Ocinebrina aciculata | (Lamarck, 1822) |
Gastropoda | Muricidae | Ocinebrina edwardsii | (Payraudeau, 1826) |
Gastropoda | Muricidae | Stramonita haemastoma | (Linnaeus, 1767) |
Gastropoda | Muricidae | Trophonopsis alboranensis | (Smriglio, Mariottini & Bonfitto, 1997) |
Gastropoda | Muricidae | Trophonopsis muricata | (Montagu, 1803) |
Gastropoda | Marginellidae | Granulina boucheti | Gofas, 1992 |
Gastropoda | Marginellidae | Granulina clandestina | (Brocchi, 1814) |
Gastropoda | Marginellidae | Granulina marginata | (Bivona, 1832) |
Gastropoda | Marginellidae | Volvarina mitrella | (Risso, 1826) |
Gastropoda | Cystiscidae | Gibberula caelata | (Monterosato, 1877) |
Gastropoda | Cystiscidae | Gibberula jansseni | van Aartsen, Menkhorst & Gittenberger, 1984 |
Gastropoda | Cystiscidae | Gibberula miliaria | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Cystiscidae | Gibberula philippii | (Monterosato, 1878) |
Gastropoda | Cystiscidae | Gibberula recondita | Monterosato, 1884 |
Gastropoda | Mitridae | Mitra cornicula | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Costellariidae | Vexillum ebenus | (Lamarck, 1811) |
Gastropoda | Costellariidae | Vexillum granum | (Forbes, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Costellariidae | Vexillum savignyi | (Payraudeau, 1826) |
Gastropoda | Costellariidae | Vexillum tricolor | (Gmelin, 1791) |
Gastropoda | Buccinidae | Euthria cornea | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Buccinidae | Chauvetia affinis | (Monterosato, 1889) |
Gastropoda | Buccinidae | Chauvetia brunnea | (Donovan, 1804) |
Gastropoda | Buccinidae | Chauvetia lefebvrii | (Maravigna, 1840) |
Gastropoda | Buccinidae | Chauvetia mamillata | (Risso, 1826) |
Gastropoda | Buccinidae | Chauvetia recondita | (Brugnone, 1873) |
Gastropoda | Buccinidae | Chauvetia mamillata | (Risso, 1826) |
Gastropoda | Buccinidae | Chauvetia turritellata | (Deshayes, 1835) |
Gastropoda | Buccinidae | Enginella leucozona | (Philippi, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Buccinidae | Euthria cornea | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Buccinidae | Pisania striata | (Gmelin, 1791) |
Gastropoda | Buccinidae | Pollia sp. | |
Gastropoda | Buccinidae | Pollia dorbignyi | (Payraudeau, 1826) |
Gastropoda | Buccinidae | Pollia scabra | Locard, 1892 |
Gastropoda | Buccinidae | Pollia scacchiana | (Philippi, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Colubrariidae | Cumia reticulata | (Blainville, 1829) |
Gastropoda | Nassariidae | Nassarius sp. | |
Gastropoda | Nassariidae | Nassarius corniculum | (Olivi, 1792) |
Gastropoda | Nassariidae | Nassarius crenulatus | (Bruguière, 1792) |
Gastropoda | Nassariidae | Nassarius cuvierii | (Payraudeau, 1826) |
Gastropoda | Nassariidae | Nassarius incrassatus | (Strøm, 1768) |
Gastropoda | Nassariidae | Nassarius lima | (Dillwyn, 1817) |
Gastropoda | Nassariidae | Nassarius mutabilis | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Nassariidae | Nassarius pygmaeus | (Lamarck, 1822) |
Gastropoda | Nassariidae | Nassarius reticulatus | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Nassariidae | Nassarius unifasciatus | (Kiener, 1834) |
Gastropoda | Columbellidae | Columbella rustica | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Columbellidae | Mitrella bruggeni | van Aartsen, Menkhorst & Gittenberger, 1984 |
Gastropoda | Columbellidae | Mitrella gervillii | (Payraudeau, 1826) |
Gastropoda | Columbellidae | Mitrella psilla | (Duclos, 1846) |
Gastropoda | Columbellidae | Mitrella scripta | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Columbellidae | Mitrella spelta | (Kobelt, 1889) |
Gastropoda | Fasciolariidae | Aptyxis syracusanus | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Fasciolariidae | Tarantinaea lignaria | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Fasciolariidae | Fusinus sp. | |
Gastropoda | Fasciolariidae | Fusinus pulchellus | (Philippi, 1840) |
Gastropoda | Fasciolariidae | Fusinus rostratus | (Olivi, 1792) |
Gastropoda | Fasciolariidae | Fusinus rudis | (Philippi, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Fasciolariidae | Aptyxis syracusanus | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Fasciolariidae | Tarantinaea lignaria | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Conidae | Conus ventricosus | Gmelin, 1791 |
Gastropoda | Drilliidae | Crassopleura maravignae | (Bivona Ant. in Bivona And., 1838) |
Gastropoda | Horaiclavidae | Haedropleura septangularis | (Montagu, 1803) |
Gastropoda | Clavatulidae | Fusiturris undatiruga | (Bivona Ant. in Bivona And., 1838) |
Gastropoda | Clathurellidae | Clathromangelia granum | (Philippi, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Clathurellidae | Clathromangelia quadrillum | (Dujardin, 1837) |
Gastropoda | Clathurellidae | Comarmondia gracilis | (Montagu, 1803) |
Gastropoda | Mitromorphidae | Mitromorpha sp. | |
Gastropoda | Mitromorphidae | Mitromorpha columbellaria | (Scacchi, 1836) |
Gastropoda | Mitromorphidae | Mitromorpha crenipicta | (Dautzenberg, 1889) |
Gastropoda | Mitromorphidae | Mitromorpha olivoidea | (Cantraine, 1835) |
Gastropoda | Mitromorphidae | Mitromorpha wilhelminae | (van Aartsen, Menkhorst & Gittenberger, 1984) |
Gastropoda | Mangeliidae | Bela zenetouae | (van Aartsen, 1988) |
Gastropoda | Mangeliidae | Bela zonata | (Locard, 1892) |
Gastropoda | Mangeliidae | Mangelia sp. | |
Gastropoda | Mangeliidae | Mangelia attenuata | (Montagu, 1803) |
Gastropoda | Mangeliidae | Mangelia multilineolata | (Deshayes, 1835) |
Gastropoda | Mangeliidae | Mangelia paciniana | (Calcara, 1839) |
Gastropoda | Mangeliidae | Mangelia stosiciana | Brusina, 1869 |
Gastropoda | Mangeliidae | Mangelia taeniata | (Deshayes, 1835) |
Gastropoda | Mangeliidae | Mangelia unifasciata | (Deshayes, 1835) |
Gastropoda | Mangeliidae | Mangelia vauquelini | (Payraudeau, 1826) |
Gastropoda | Mangeliidae | Sorgenfreispira brachystoma | (Philippi, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Raphitomidae | Raphitoma mirabilis | (Pallary, 1904) |
Gastropoda | Raphitomidae | Raphitoma sp. | |
Gastropoda | Raphitomidae | Raphitoma bicolor | (Risso, 1826) |
Gastropoda | Raphitomidae | Raphitoma concinna | (Scacchi, 1836) |
Gastropoda | Raphitomidae | Raphitoma densa | (Monterosato, 1884) |
Gastropoda | Raphitomidae | Raphitoma echinata | (Brocchi, 1814) |
Gastropoda | Raphitomidae | Raphitoma horrida | (Monterosato, 1884) |
Gastropoda | Raphitomidae | Raphitoma laviae | (Philippi, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Raphitomidae | Raphitoma leufroyi | (Michaud, 1828) |
Gastropoda | Raphitomidae | Raphitoma linearis | (Montagu, 1803) |
Gastropoda | Raphitomidae | Raphitoma lineolata | (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883) |
Gastropoda | Raphitomidae | Raphitoma philberti | (Michaud, 1829) |
Gastropoda | Raphitomidae | Raphitoma purpurea | (Montagu, 1803) |
Gastropoda | Architectonicidae | Pseudotorinia architae | (O. G. Costa, 1841) |
Gastropoda | Rissoellidae | Rissoella diaphana | (Alder, 1848) |
Gastropoda | Rissoellidae | Rissoella inflata | (Monterosato, 1880) |
Gastropoda | Rissoellidae | Rissoella opalina | (Jeffreys, 1848) |
Gastropoda | Rissoinidae | Rissoina bruguieri | (Payraudeau, 1826) |
Gastropoda | Omalogyridae | Ammonicera fischeriana | (Monterosato, 1869) |
Gastropoda | Omalogyridae | Ammonicera rota | (Forbes & Hanley, 1850) |
Gastropoda | Omalogyridae | Omalogyra atomus | (Philippi, 1841) |
Gastropoda | Omalogyridae | Omalogyra simplex | (Costa O. G., 1861) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Auristomia erjaveciana | (Brusina, 1869) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Brachystomia eulimoides | (Hanley, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Eulimella acicula | (Philippi, 1836) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Euparthenia humboldti | (Risso, 1826) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Folinella excavata | (Phillippi, 1836) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Jordaniella nivosa | (Montagu, 1803) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Megastomia conoidea | (Brocchi, 1814) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Noemiamea dolioliformis | (Jeffreys, 1848) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Odostomella doliolum | (Philippi, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Odostomia sp. | |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Odostomia acuta | Jeffreys, 1848 |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Megastomia conoidea | (Brocchi, 1814) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Odostomia kromi | van Aartsen, Menkhorst & Gittenberger, 1984 |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Odostomia lukisii | Jeffreys, 1859 |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Odostomia plicata | (Montagu, 1803) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Brachystomia scalaris | (MacGillivray, 1843) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Odostomia striolata | Forbes & Hanley, 1850 |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Ondina vitrea | (Brusina, 1866) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Ondina warreni | (Thompson, 1845) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Parthenina emaciata | (Brusina, 1866) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Parthenina indistincta | (Montagu, 1808) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Parthenina interstincta | (J. Adams, 1797) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Parthenina juliae | (de Folin, 1872) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Parthenina monozona | (Brusina, 1869) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Parthenina terebellum | (Philippi, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Pyrgiscus crenatus | (Brown, 1827) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Pyrgiscus jeffreysii | (Jeffreys, 1848) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Pyrgiscus rufus | (Philippi, 1836) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Spiralinella incerta | (Milaschewich, 1916) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Strioturbonilla sigmoidea | (Monterosato, 1880) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Tragula fenestrata | (Jeffreys, 1848) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Turbonilla acuta | (Donovan, 1804) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Turbonilla gradata | Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883 |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Turbonilla lactea | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Turbonilla pulchella | (d'Orbigny, 1841) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Turbonilla pumila | Seguenza G., 1876 |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Turbonilla pusilla | (Philippi, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Pyramidellidae | Turbonilla sinuosa | (Jeffreys, 1884) |
Gastropoda | Amathinidae | Clathrella clathrata | (Philippi, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Murchisonellidae | Ebala pointeli | (de Folin, 1868) |
Gastropoda | Tofanellidae | Graphis albida | (Kanmacher, 1798) |
Gastropoda | Acteonidae | Acteon tornatilis | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Ringiculidae | Ringicula auriculata | (Ménard de la Groye, 1811) |
Gastropoda | Ringiculidae | Ringicula conformis | Monterosato, 1877 |
Gastropoda | Bullidae | Bulla striata | Bruguière, 1792 |
Gastropoda | Haminoeidae | Atys jeffreysi | (Weinkauff, 1866) |
Gastropoda | Haminoeidae | Haminoea exigua | Schaefer, 1992 |
Gastropoda | Haminoeidae | Haminoea hydatis | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Gastropoda | Haminoeidae | Haminoea navicula | (da Costa, 1778) |
Gastropoda | Haminoeidae | Haminoea orbignyana | (Férussac, 1822) |
Gastropoda | Haminoeidae | Weinkauffia turgidula | (Forbes, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Philinidae | Philine catena | (Montagu, 1803) |
Gastropoda | Philinidae | Philine quadripartita | Ascanius, 1772 |
Gastropoda | Aglajidae | Aglaja tricolorata | Renier, 1807 |
Gastropoda | Aglajidae | Chelidonura africana | Pruvot-Fol, 1953 |
Gastropoda | Cylichnidae | Cylichna cylindracea | (Pennant, 1777) |
Gastropoda | Retusidae | Pyrunculus hoernesii | (Weinkauff, 1866) |
Gastropoda | Retusidae | Retusa candidula | (Locard, 1892) |
Gastropoda | Retusidae | Retusa laevisculpta | (Granata-Grillo, 1877) |
Gastropoda | Retusidae | Retusa minutissima | (Monterosato, 1878) |
Gastropoda | Retusidae | Retusa truncatula | (Bruguière, 1792) |
Gastropoda | Retusidae | Retusa umbilicata | (Montagu, 1803) |
Gastropoda | Rhizoridae | Volvulella acuminata | (Bruguière, 1792) |
Gastropoda | Runcinidae | Runcina sp. | |
Gastropoda | Runcinidae | Runcina coronata | (Quatrefages, 1844) |
Gastropoda | Runcinidae | Runcina ferruginea | Kress, 1977 |
Gastropoda | Oxynoidae | Lobiger serradifalci | (Calcara, 1840) |
Gastropoda | Oxynoidae | Oxynoe olivacea | Rafinesque, 1814 |
Gastropoda | Plakobranchidae | Elysia timida | (Risso, 1818) |
Gastropoda | Plakobranchidae | Elysia viridis | (Montagu, 1804) |
Gastropoda | Plakobranchidae | Thuridilla hopei | (Vérany, 1853) |
Gastropoda | Limapontiidae | Limapontia capitata | (O. F. Müller, 1774) |
Gastropoda | Limapontiidae | Placida verticilata | Ortea, 1982 |
Gastropoda | Umbraculidae | Umbraculum umbraculum | (Lightfoot, 1786) |
Gastropoda | Tylodinidae | Tylodina perversa | (Gmelin, 1791) |
Gastropoda | Aplysiidae | Aplysia sp. | |
Gastropoda | Aplysiidae | Aplysia depilans | Gmelin, 1791 |
Gastropoda | Aplysiidae | Aplysia fasciata | Poiret, 1789 |
Gastropoda | Aplysiidae | Aplysia parvula | Mörch, 1863 |
Gastropoda | Aplysiidae | Aplysia punctata | (Cuvier, 1803) |
Gastropoda | Aplysiidae | Petalifera petalifera | (Rang, 1828) |
Gastropoda | Aplysiidae | Phyllaplysia lafonti | P. Fischer, 1872 |
Gastropoda | Pleurobranchidae | Berthella aurantiaca | (Risso, 1818) |
Gastropoda | Pleurobranchidae | Pleurobranchus membranaceus | (Montagu, 1816) |
Gastropoda | Discodorididae | Paradoris indecora | (Bergh, 1881) |
Gastropoda | Discodorididae | Peltodoris atromaculata | Bergh, 1880 |
Gastropoda | Discodorididae | Tayuva lilacina | (Gould, 1852) |
Gastropoda | Chromodorididae | Felimare orsinii | (Vérany, 1846) |
Gastropoda | Chromodorididae | Felimare picta | (Schultz in Philippi, 1836) |
Gastropoda | Chromodorididae | Felimare tricolor | (Cantraine, 1835) |
Gastropoda | Chromodorididae | Felimare villafranca | (Risso, 1818) |
Gastropoda | Chromodorididae | Felimida krohni | (Vérany, 1846) |
Gastropoda | Phyllidiidae | Phyllidia flava | Aradas, 1847 |
Gastropoda | Dendrodorididae | Dendrodoris limbata | (Cuvier, 1804) |
Gastropoda | Dendrodorididae | Dendrodoris grandiflora | (Rapp, 1827) |
Gastropoda | Dendrodorididae | Doriopsilla areolata | Bergh, 1880 |
Gastropoda | Onchidorididae | Onchidoris neapolitana | (Delle Chiaje, 1841) |
Bivalvia | Tellinidae | Gastrana fragilis | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Tellinidae | Macoma cumana | (O. G. Costa, 1830) |
Bivalvia | Tellinidae | Atlantella distorta | (Poli, 1791) |
Bivalvia | Tellinidae | Tellina albicans | Gmelin, 1791 |
Bivalvia | Tellinidae | Tellina fabula | Gmelin, 1791 |
Bivalvia | Tellinidae | Tellina planata | Linnaeus, 1758 |
Bivalvia | Tellinidae | Tellina pulchella | Lamarck, 1818 |
Bivalvia | Tellinidae | Tellina tenuis | da Costa, 1778 |
Gastropoda | Goniodorididae | Goniodoris castanea | Alder & Hancock, 1845 |
Gastropoda | Goniodorididae | Trapania maculata | Haefelfinger, 1960 |
Gastropoda | Polyceridae | Limacia clavigera | (O. F. Müller, 1776) |
Gastropoda | Polyceridae | Palio dubia | (M. Sars, 1829) |
Gastropoda | Polyceridae | Polycera quadrilineata | (O. F. Müller, 1776) |
Gastropoda | Polyceridae | Polycerella emertoni | A. E. Verrill, 1880 |
Gastropoda | Aegiridae | Aegires leuckartii | Vérany, 1853 |
Gastropoda | Tritoniidae | Tritonia lineata | Alder & Hancock, 1848 |
Gastropoda | Tritoniidae | Tritonia manicata | Deshayes, 1853 |
Gastropoda | Proctonotidae | Janolus cristatus | (Delle Chiaje, 1841) |
Gastropoda | Facelinidae | Caloria elegans | (Alder & Hancock, 1845) |
Gastropoda | Facelinidae | Cratena peregrina | (Gmelin, 1791) |
Gastropoda | Facelinidae | Favorinus branchialis | (Rathke, 1806) |
Gastropoda | Flabellinidae | Calmella cavolini | (Vérany, 1846) |
Gastropoda | Flabellinidae | Flabellina affinis | (Gmelin, 1791) |
Gastropoda | Flabellinidae | Flabellina lineata | (Lovén, 1846) |
Gastropoda | Flabellinidae | Flabellina pedata | (Montagu, 1816) |
Gastropoda | Calmidae | Calma glaucoides | (Alder & Hancock, 1854) |
Gastropoda | Tergipedidae | Cuthona caerulea | (Montagu, 1804) |
Gastropoda | Tergipedidae | Cuthona genovae | (O'Donoghue, 1929) |
Gastropoda | Tergipedidae | Tergipes tergipes | (Forsskål in Niebuhr, 1775) |
Gastropoda | Siphonariidae | Williamia gussoni | (Costa O. G., 1829) |
Gastropoda | Ellobiidae | Trimusculus mammillaris | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Nuculidae | Nucula nitidosa | Winckworth, 1930 |
Bivalvia | Nuculanidae | Lembulus pella | (Linnaeus, 1767) |
Bivalvia | Arcidae | Acar clathrata | (Defrance, 1816) |
Bivalvia | Arcidae | Anadara corbuloides | (Monterosato, 1878) |
Bivalvia | Arcidae | Arca noae | Linnaeus, 1758 |
Bivalvia | Arcidae | Arca tetragona | Poli, 1795 |
Bivalvia | Arcidae | Asperarca nodulosa | (O. F. Müller, 1776) |
Bivalvia | Arcidae | Barbatia barbata | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Noetiidae | Striarca lactea | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Glycymerididae | Glycymeris nummaria | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Mytilidae | Musculus subpictus | (Cantraine, 1835) |
Bivalvia | Mytilidae | Amygdalum politum | (Verrill & S. Smith [in Verrill], 1880) |
Bivalvia | Mytilidae | Arcuatula senhousia | (Benson in Cantor, 1842) |
Bivalvia | Mytilidae | Brachidontes pharaonis | (P. Fischer, 1870) |
Bivalvia | Mytilidae | Crenella pellucida | (Jeffreys, 1859) |
Bivalvia | Mytilidae | Gibbomodiola adriatica | (Lamarck, 1819) |
Bivalvia | Mytilidae | Gregariella petagnae | (Scacchi, 1832) |
Bivalvia | Mytilidae | Jolya martorelli | (Hidalgo, 1878) |
Bivalvia | Mytilidae | Lithophaga lithophaga | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Mytilidae | Modiolula phaseolina | (Philippi, 1844) |
Bivalvia | Mytilidae | Modiolus barbatus | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Mytilidae | Musculus costulatus | (Risso, 1826) |
Bivalvia | Mytilidae | Musculus discors | (Linnaeus, 1767) |
Bivalvia | Mytilidae | Musculus niger | (J.E. Gray, 1824) |
Bivalvia | Mytilidae | Mytilaster lineatus | (Gmelin, 1791) |
Bivalvia | Mytilidae | Mytilaster minimus | (Poli, 1795) |
Bivalvia | Mytilidae | Mytilus sp. | |
Bivalvia | Mytilidae | Mytilus galloprovincialis | Lamarck, 1819 |
Bivalvia | Mytilidae | Rhomboidella prideauxi | (Leach, 1815) |
Bivalvia | Mytilidae | Mytilus edulis | Linnaeus, 1758 |
Bivalvia | Pinnidae | Pinna nobilis | Linnaeus, 1758 |
Bivalvia | Pteriidae | Pinctada imbricata radiata | (Leach, 1814) |
Bivalvia | Pectinidae | Aequipecten opercularis | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Pectinidae | Flexopecten glaber | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Pectinidae | Flexopecten hyalinus | (Poli, 1795) |
Bivalvia | Pectinidae | Manupecten pesfelis | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Pectinidae | Mimachlamys varia | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Pectinidae | Pecten sp. | |
Bivalvia | Pectinidae | Talochlamys multistriata | (Poli, 1795) |
Bivalvia | Spondylidae | Spondylus gaederopus | Linnaeus, 1758 |
Bivalvia | Anomiidae | Anomia ephippium | Linnaeus, 1758 |
Bivalvia | Limidae | Lima lima | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Limidae | Limaria hians | (Gmelin, 1791) |
Bivalvia | Limidae | Limaria loscombi | (G. B. Sowerby I, 1823) |
Bivalvia | Limidae | Limaria tuberculata | (Olivi, 1792) |
Bivalvia | Limidae | Limatula subovata | (Monterosato, 1875) |
Bivalvia | Limidae | Limaria hians | (Gmelin, 1791) |
Bivalvia | Ostreidae | Crassostrea gigas | (Thunberg, 1793) |
Bivalvia | Ostreidae | Ostrea edulis | Linnaeus, 1758 |
Bivalvia | Ostreidae | Ostrea stentina | Payraudeau, 1826 |
Bivalvia | Gryphaeidae | Neopycnodonte cochlear | (Poli, 1795) |
Bivalvia | Carditidae | Cardita calyculata | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Carditidae | Cardites antiquatus | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Carditidae | Centrocardita aculeata | (Poli, 1795) |
Bivalvia | Carditidae | Glans trapezia | (Linnaeus, 1767) |
Bivalvia | Cardiidae | Acanthocardia aculeata | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Cardiidae | Acanthocardia paucicostata | (G. B. Sowerby II, 1834) |
Bivalvia | Cardiidae | Acanthocardia tuberculata | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Cardiidae | Fulvia fragilis | (Forsskål in Niebuhr, 1775) |
Bivalvia | Cardiidae | Papillicardium papillosum | (Poli, 1791) |
Bivalvia | Cardiidae | Parvicardium sp. | |
Bivalvia | Cardiidae | Parvicardium exiguum | (Gmelin, 1791) |
Bivalvia | Cardiidae | Parvicardium minimum | (Philippi, 1836) |
Bivalvia | Cardiidae | Parvicardium pinnulatum | (Conrad, 1831) |
Bivalvia | Cardiidae | Parvicardium scriptum | (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1892) |
Bivalvia | Cardiidae | Parvicardium vroomi | van Aartsen, Menkhorst & Gittenberger, 1984 |
Bivalvia | Lucinidae | Ctena decussata | (O. G. Costa, 1829) |
Bivalvia | Lucinidae | Loripes lucinalis | (Lamarck, 1818) |
Bivalvia | Lucinidae | Loripinus fragilis | (Philippi, 1836) |
Bivalvia | Lucinidae | Lucinella divaricata | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Lucinidae | Myrtea spinifera | (Montagu, 1803) |
Bivalvia | Thyasiridae | Thyasira flexuosa | (Montagu, 1803) |
Bivalvia | Chamidae | Chama asperella | Lamarck, 1819 |
Bivalvia | Chamidae | Chama gryphoides | Linnaeus, 1758 |
Bivalvia | Chamidae | Pseudochama gryphina | (Lamarck, 1819) |
Bivalvia | Galeommatidae | Galeomma turtoni | Turton, 1825 |
Bivalvia | Kelliidae | Kellia suborbicularis | (Montagu, 1803) |
Bivalvia | Lasaeidae | Hemilepton nitidum | (Turton, 1822) |
Bivalvia | Lasaeidae | Lasaea adansoni | (Gmelin, 1791) |
Bivalvia | Lasaeidae | Scacchia oblonga | (Philippi, 1836) |
Bivalvia | Lasaeidae | Lasaea adansoni | (Gmelin, 1791) |
Bivalvia | Montacutidae | Kurtiella bidentata | (Montagu, 1803) |
Bivalvia | Mactridae | Eastonia rugosa | (Helbling, 1779) |
Bivalvia | Mactridae | Mactra stultorum | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Mactridae | Spisula subtruncata | (da Costa, 1778) |
Bivalvia | Donacidae | Donax semistriatus | Poli, 1795 |
Bivalvia | Donacidae | Donax venustus | Poli, 1795 |
Bivalvia | Psammobiidae | Gari depressa | (Pennant, 1777) |
Bivalvia | Semelidae | Abra sp. | |
Bivalvia | Semelidae | Abra alba | (W. Wood, 1802) |
Bivalvia | Semelidae | Abra nitida | (O. F. Müller, 1776) |
Bivalvia | Semelidae | Scrobicularia cottardii | (Payraudeau, 1826) |
Bivalvia | Solecurtidae | Azorinus chamasolen | (da Costa, 1778) |
Bivalvia | Trapezidae | Coralliophaga lithophagella | (Lamarck, 1819) |
Bivalvia | Veneridae | Chamelea gallina | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Veneridae | Clausinella fasciata | (da Costa, 1778) |
Bivalvia | Veneridae | Dosinia exoleta | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Veneridae | Dosinia lupinus | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Veneridae | Gouldia minima | (Montagu, 1803) |
Bivalvia | Veneridae | Irus irus | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Veneridae | Lajonkairia lajonkairii | (Payraudeau, 1826) |
Bivalvia | Veneridae | Petricola lithophaga | (Retzius, 1788) |
Bivalvia | Veneridae | Petricola substriata | Montagu, 1808 |
Bivalvia | Veneridae | Pitar rudis | (Poli, 1795) |
Bivalvia | Veneridae | Polititapes aureus | (Gmelin, 1791) |
Bivalvia | Veneridae | Polititapes rhomboides | (Pennant, 1777) |
Bivalvia | Veneridae | Ruditapes decussatus | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Veneridae | Venerupis corrugata | (Gmelin, 1791) |
Bivalvia | Veneridae | Venerupis geographica | (Gmelin, 1791) |
Bivalvia | Veneridae | Venus verrucosa | Linnaeus, 1758 |
Bivalvia | Neoleptonidae | Neolepton sulcatulum | (Jeffreys, 1859) |
Bivalvia | Myidae | Sphenia binghami | Turton, 1822 |
Bivalvia | Corbulidae | Corbula gibba | (Olivi, 1792) |
Bivalvia | Corbulidae | Lentidium mediterraneum | (O. G. Costa, 1830) |
Bivalvia | Gastrochaenidae | Rocellaria dubia | (Pennant, 1777) |
Bivalvia | Solenidae | Solen marginatus | Pulteney, 1799 |
Bivalvia | Pharidae | Pharus legumen | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Bivalvia | Pharidae | Phaxas pellucidus | (Pennant, 1777) |
Bivalvia | Hiatellidae | Hiatella arctica | (Linnaeus, 1767) |
Bivalvia | Hiatellidae | Hiatella rugosa | (Linnaeus, 1767) |
Bivalvia | Thraciidae | Thracia distorta | (Montagu, 1803) |
Bivalvia | Clavagellidae | Bryopa aperta | (G. B. Sowerby I, 1823) |
Bivalvia | Pandoridae | Pandora inaequivalvis | (Linnaeus, 1758) |
Scaphopoda | Dentaliidae | Antalis novemcostata | (Lamarck, 1818) |
Scaphopoda | Dentaliidae | Antalis vulgaris | (da Costa, 1778) |
Scaphopoda | Fustiariidae | Fustiaria rubescens | (Deshayes, 1825) |
Cephalopoda | Sepiidae | Sepia officinalis | Linnaeus, 1758 |
Cephalopoda | Octopodidae | Octopus vulgaris | Cuvier, 1797 |
Project description
Title
This dataset combines the data of two sources: (a) the monitoring of infralittoral rocky shores in Crete in the framework of the NaGISA project (Natural Geography in Shore Areas, http://www.coml.org/projects/natural-geography-shore-areas-nagisa); (b) the collection and indexing of available and accessible paper published material in peer-review journals as well as grey literature sources.
Personnel
Christos Arvanitidis, HCMR (NaGISA project coordinator, sample collection), Dimitris Poursanidis, FORTH & UniAegean (sample collection, species identification, data management, literature collection, information indexing), Georgios Chatzigeorgiou, HCMR (sample collection), Dimitra Mavraki (data management), Drosos Koutsoubas, UniAegean (species identification).
Study area description
This dataset includes records from 19 sampling sites at 18 different locations (Table (Table1,Fig.1,Fig. ,Fig.11).
East Mediterranean NAGISA project data - Alykes and Elounda: Both sampling sites are located on the North coast of Crete (Eastern Mediterranean) and are characterised by a continuous hard bottom habitat with dense algal coverage (Cystoseira spp., Sargassum sp., Corallinales spp.) and a moderate wave exposure. The area of Alykes has on average a denser algal coverage than the area of Elounda. The substrate is dominated by limestone rocks. Neither of the two sites is impacted by detectable anthropogenic activity, though a sandy beach in ca 500 m distance of the sampling area in Elounda is subjected to moderate beach tourism and increased leisure boat traffic in the summer months.
Mediterranean literature data: The majority of the information come from the analysis of the collected literature (Antit and Azzouna. 2012, Antit M. et al. 2013, Antoniadou and Chintiroglou 2007, Antoniadou et al. 2006, Antoniadou et al. 2005, Badalamenti et al. 2002, Bellan-Santini 1969, Huelin and J. 1984, Kasemi et al. 2008, Kocataş 1978, Milazzo et al. 2000, Miloslavich et al. 2013, Pitacco et al. 2014, Poulicek 1985, Sanchez-Moyano et al. 2000, Simboura et al. 1995, Terlizzi et al. 2005, Terlizzi et al. 2003, Trono 2006, Villari 1993, Russo 1998, Chemello and Milazzo 2002). The extracted information (species list per site/paper) has been indexed in a descriptive database system (Microsoft Access 2010) in order to handle and manage the collected information (meta-analysis, quering). When authors provide species identification in .sp level, this has been kept as is but without authority, as for .sp is not valid.
Sampling methods
Study extent
The data covers 2 sampling events under the NaGISA initiative and several independent sampling events over a time period of 45 years (1969–2012). The dataset originates from 18 sampling sites in several countries of the Mediterranean Sea. Samples were collected from the infralittoral zone from a maximum depth of 40 m (in few studies), having a maximum sampling depth of 20m. Concerning the distribution of molluscs, this habitat is understudied in the Mediterranean Sea — in fact, the Ocean Biogeographic Information System contains only 2 datasets regarding the mollusca fauna over hard bottoms for the entire Mediterranean Sea, and neither of these two are from the infralittoral zone. The present dataset thus provides an important addition to the exiting data for this habitat in the region.
Sampling description
Samples from Crete were collected from two sites, Alykes and Elounda. Both sites were sampled in September 2007 and June 2008. Samples were collected according to the NaGISA protocol (Iken and Konar 2003). At each site, 5 sampling depths have been defined (1, 5, 10, 15, 20 m.) and five random replicate units per ddepth were collected (Chatzigeorgiou et al. 2012). In the laboratory, all samples were identified in the most precise taxonomic level possible, using the most recent literature for the taxon. Animals with half of the size of known adult size are considered as juveniles.
Samples form the other sites have been collected in different periods over the year or over several years under different frameworks. The published available information contains the sampling methods and only the species list that have consequently found in the studied area.
Quality control
All scientific names were standardized against the World Register of Marine species using the Taxon Match tool (http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=match). If recent taxonomic reviews were available that had not been incorporated into WoRMS at the time of standardization, nomenclature follows those reviews.
Geographic coverage
Description
Samples were collected at 22 regions/sampling sites across the Mediterranean Sea LME (http://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=1905), from a maximum depth of 40 m (Table (Table1,Fig.1,Fig. ,Fig.1).All1).All data are collected from the infralittoral zone - the biocoenosis of photophilic algae.
The present dataset contains the first electronically available quantitative data on the infralittoral molluscs from the Mediterranean Sea. Moreover, it provides the first qualitative information (species list) about the molluscs from the hard substrates – the biocoenosis of photophilic algae - from that region. As for the coralligenous formations of the infralittoral zone, available dataset can be found at http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.847623 (Poursanidis and Koutsoubas 2015).
Coordinates
36.2173 and -6.0327 Latitude; 30.2639 and 45.7833 Longitude.
Taxonomic coverage
Description
The present dataset, after updating the taxonomy, contains distribution records for 599 species (Table (Table22).
In total, 155 families have been found over the studied biocoenosis. The distribution of species over them is quite unequal; 71 families are represented by only 1 species (singletones or rare) while only 14 families are represented by more than 10 species. Families Pyramidellidae and Rissoidae have the largest number of species, 38 and 56 respectively. Detailed information on the structure of species/families can be found in Suppl. material 1
Species richness at the different sites is also unequal. Marseille area has the lowest number of species (38 species) while Tunis town shows the largest number of species (281 species). In terms of families, Marseille, Capo Madonna and Vlora bay have the lowest number (25 families) while Tunis town and Chalkidiki peninsula have the largest number (73 & 76 families respectively (Fig. (Fig.22)
A comparison with the Mediterranean malacofauna (excluding cephalopods) (Coll et al. 2010), which has estimated around 2000 species, shows that more than one quarter of the malacofauna (599 species) is present in the studied habitat - the photophilic algae biocoensis . Similar is the state of the malacofauna from the coralligenous formations (Poursanidis and Koutsoubas 2015) where the same percentage of molluscs have been found.
During the last decade, research in several areas in the Mediterranean has shed light on the ecology of these habitats and revealed a vast amount of information on the biodiversity of the biocoenosis of the photophilic algae (Antit and Azzouna. 2012, Antit M. et al. 2013, Antoniadou and Chintiroglou 2007, Antoniadou et al. 2006, Antoniadou et al. 2005, Badalamenti et al. 2002, Chemello and Milazzo 2002, Kasemi et al. 2008, Milazzo et al. 2000, Miloslavich et al. 2013, Pitacco et al. 2014, Sanchez-Moyano et al. 2000, Terlizzi et al. 2005, Terlizzi et al. 2003). The increased research effort on these habitats along with the initiative of the NAGISA project, addresses the need for a better understanding of the role of this important in the coastal marine environment which is under continuus pressures and threats (EEA 2015). Moreover, species list per habitat for the European waters are a request from RAC/SPA as well as from the forthcoming Integrated Monitoring and Assessment Programme (IMAP) and the Ecosystem Approach (EcAp) of UNEP/MAP and RAC/SPA (http://www.rac-spa.org/ecap).
Taxa included
Rank | Scientific Name | |
---|---|---|
kingdom | Animalia | |
phylum | Mollusca | |
class | Bivalvia | |
class | Gastropoda | |
class | Cephalopoda | |
class | Polyplacophora | |
class | Scaphopoda |
Temporal coverage
Data range: 1969 1 01 – 2012 12 31.
Usage rights
Use license
Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL)
IP rights notes
The dataset can be freely used provided it is cited.
Data resources
Data package title
Mollusca from the infralittoral rocky shores - the biocoenosis of photophilic algae - in the Mediterranean Sea
Number of data sets
2
Data set 1.
Data set name
Molluscs from two rocky shores of the North coast of Crete
Data format
Darwin Core Archive
Number of columns
39
Character set
UTF-8
Data format version
ver 1.0
Description
The dataset is available via the Lifewatch node of Greece of the Hellenic Center of Marine Research. The data will also be harvested by and made available through the International OBIS database, as well as through the data portal of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). The dataset is available as a DarwinCoreArchive, all fields are mapped to DarwinCore terms (http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/).
This publication refers to the most recent version of the dataset available through the IPT server. Future changes to the dataset due to quality control activities might change its content or structure.
Data set 1.
Column label | Column description |
---|---|
id | A unique identifier for the record within the data set or collection. |
type | The type of the source |
language | The used language |
dataset | The number of the dataset |
institutionCode | The name (or acronym) in use by the institution having custody of the object(s) or information referred to in the record. |
collectionCode | The code of the Collection, in which belongs to |
basisOfRecord | The specific nature of the data record, as described in http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/type-vocabulary/index.htm. |
occurrenceID | The replicate in which the record belongs to |
catalogNumber | The catalog number of the dataset |
individualCount | The abundance of the specimen in the replicate |
samplingProtocol | The description of the method or protocol used for sample collection. |
samplingEffort | The description of the sampling effort for the specimens collection |
eventDate | The exact date of the sampling event |
fieldNumber | The combination of the location and the sampling year |
locationID | The code of the location |
higherGeographyID | The code of the higher geography |
higherGeography | The marine basin that the sampling area belongs to |
waterBody | The name of the water body in which the sampling location occurs. |
island | The name of the island on or near which the sampling location occurs. |
country | The name of the country on which the sampling location occurs. |
municipality | The full, unabbreviated name of the next smaller administrative region than county (city, municipality, etc.) in which the sampling location occurs. |
locality | The exact locality where the sampling procedure took place |
minimumDepthInMeters | The lesser depth of a range of depth below the local surface, in meters. |
maximumDepthInMeters | The greater depth of a range of depth below the local surface, in meters. |
locationRemarks | The method that the location has been located by using Google Earth app. |
verbatimLatitude | The geographic latitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic center of a Location. Positive values are north of the Equator, negative values are south of it. Legal values lie between -90 and 90, inclusive. |
verbatimLongitude | The geographic longitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic center of a Location. Positive values are east of the Greenwich Meridian, negative values are west of it. Legal values lie between -180 and 180, inclusive. |
geodeticDatum | The geodetic datum of the pair of coordinates |
coordinateUncertaintyInMeters | The horizontal distance (in meters) from the given decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude describing the smallest circle containing the whole of the sampling location. |
scientificNameID | The Life Science Identifiers code of the scientific name |
scientificName | The scientific name of the taxon |
scientificNameAuthorship | The authorship information for the scientificName formatted according to the conventions of the applicable nomenclaturalCode. |
Kingdom | The full scientific name of the kingdom in which the taxon is classified. |
Phylum | The full scientific name of the phylum in which the taxon is classified. |
Class | The full scientific name of the class in which the taxon is classified. |
Order | The full scientific name of the order in which the taxon is classified. |
Family | The full scientific name of the family in which the taxon is classified. |
Genus | The full scientific name of the genus in which the taxon is classified. |
specificEpithet | The full scientific name of the specie in which the taxon is classified. |
Data set 2.
Data set name
Mollusca fauna from the Mediterranean reef ecosystem (1170) – the zone of the photophilic algae.
Data format
Darwin Core Archive
Number of columns
27
Character set
UTF-8
Data format version
ver 1.0
Description
The dataset is available via the Lifewatch node of Greece of the Hellenic Center of Marine Research. The data will also be harvested by and made available through the International OBIS database, as well as through the data portal of the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). The dataset is available as a DarwinCoreArchive, all fields are mapped to DarwinCore terms (http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/).
This publication refers to the most recent version of the dataset available through the IPT server. Future changes to the dataset due to quality control activities might change its content or structure.
Data set 2.
Column label | Column description |
---|---|
Source | The literature source used for |
basisOfRecord | The specific nature of the data record, as described in http://rs.tdwg.org/dwc/terms/type-vocabulary/index.htm. |
type | The type of the record |
eventDate | The period of the observation |
higherGeographyID | The code of the geographic area as is given by the http://www.marineregions.org/index.php |
higherGeography | The name of the geographic area |
waterBody | The name of the water body in which the sampling location occurs. |
country | The name of the country in which the sampling location occurs. |
locality | The specific location where the sample was taken. |
minimumDepthInMeters | The lesser depth of a range of depth below the local surface, in meters. |
maximumDepthInMeters | The greater depth of a range of depth below the local surface, in meters. |
locationRemarks | Details on the exact location |
verbatimLatitude | The geographic latitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic center of a Location. Positive values are north of the Equator, negative values are south of it. Legal values lie between -90 and 90, inclusive. |
verbatimLongitude | The geographic longitude (in decimal degrees, using the spatial reference system given in geodeticDatum) of the geographic center of a Location. Positive values are east of the Greenwich Meridian, negative values are west of it. Legal values lie between -180 and 180, inclusive. |
geodeticDatum | The geodetic datum of the used coordinate system. |
coordinateUncertaintyInMeters | The horizontal distance (in meters) from the given decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude describing the smallest circle containing the whole of the sampling location. |
scientificNameID | The Life Science Identifiers code of the scientific name |
scientificName | The scientific name of the taxon |
kingdom | The full scientific name of the kingdom in which the taxon is classified. |
phylum | The full scientific name of the phylum in which the taxon is classified. |
class | The full scientific name of the class in which the taxon is classified. |
order | The full scientific name of the orde in which the taxon is classified. |
family | The full scientific name of the family in which the taxon is classified. |
genus | The full scientific name of the genus in which the taxon is classified. |
specificEpithet | The species epithet of the scientificName. |
scientificNameAuthorship | The authorship information for the scientificName formatted according to the conventions of the applicable nomenclaturalCode. |
taxonRemarks | Comments or notes about the taxon or name. |
Additional information
Resource citation
Poursanidis D, Chatzigeorgiou G, Arvanitidis C. Mavraki D. and D. Koutsoubas (2015). Molluscs from two rocky shores (infralittoral zone) of the North coast of Crete, collected for the NaGISA project 2007-2008
Dimitris Poursanidis, Dimitra Mavraki & Drosos Koutsoubas (2015). Mollusca fauna from the Mediterranean reef ecosystem (1170) – the zone of the photophilic algae.
Supplementary Material
Supplementary material 1
Number of Species per Family
Data type: Microsoft Excel spreadsheet
Brief description: Summary of the number of species per family.
File: oo_83323.xlsx
Supplementary material 2
Species and Families per studied site
Data type: Microsoft Excel spreadsheet
Brief description: Overview of the number of taxa per sampling station
File: oo_83324.xlsx
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Professor Melih Ertan Çinar, Dr. Vasilis Gerovasileiou and Dr. Fabio Crocetta for the provision of literature sources. The manuscript was greatly improved by suggestions provided by Dr. Cristian R. Altaba and Dr. Paolo Albano; we thank them gratefully. The manuscript is part of the first author's PhD thesis.
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